EMOTION'S IN THE PRIMITIVE MAN. 331 



relates to the lesson a very limited subject would never give suffi- 

 cient practice to enable them really to speak the language. They find 

 themselves together : the professor to give, the pupils to receive in- 

 struction. The teacher talks to them in a language they know per- 

 fectly well ; they listen, and say nothing. 



A general conversation outside the lesson would be less practicable. 

 There is nothing in common between the professor and his pupils. 

 There are no subjects, or they are always the same. But it is more 

 than probable that, if, in the presence of thirty or forty pupils little 

 versed in the foi-eign language, he should speak this language, and 

 seek to make them speak it, all his efforts would produce only con- 

 fusion, disobedience, and disorder. At best, this chit-chat could only 

 take place in private instruction. 



On the other hand, the difficulty of pupils in understanding the 

 master, and the frequent correction of their errors, would constantly 

 draw away the attention from the subject to discuss words ; would 

 discourage the pupils and fatigue the master, and make all genuine 

 conversation impossible. But what time would thirty or forty pupils 

 have to converse, in the three hours a week that is granted, even 

 though they did nothing but converse all the time ? Each one, if they 

 took turns, would have four minutes a week ! 



The arts of speaking and writing are acquired without difficulty, 

 if, conforming to the laws of Nature, pupils read and listen beforehand, 

 and always associate the idea with the word. When they perfectly 

 understand the spoken language, the professor can address his class in 

 it, so that each lesson will be, for all, an advance toward the desired 

 end. To listen, and understand what is said, is to learn to pronounce 

 and to talk. Later, the book first used in reading and listening will 

 teach, by imitation, the arts of speaking and writing. Recurring to 

 example instead of rules, the pupils will take their phraseology as a 

 model, and vary it infinitely in expressing their own thoughts. 



* 



EMOTIONS IN THE PRIMITIVE MAN. 



Bt HERBERT SPENCER. 



A MEASURE of evolution in living things is, the degree of cor- 

 respondence between changes in the organism and coexistences 

 and sequences in the environment. In the " Principles of Psychol- 

 ogy*" it was shown that mental development is " an adjustment of 

 inner to outer relations that gradually extends in Space and Time, 

 that becomes increasingly special and complex, and that has its ele- 

 ments ever more precisely coordinated and more completely inte- 

 grated." Though in that place chiefly exemplified as the law of in- 



