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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



islied inside near tlie top, but lower, circular strise are to be seen. 

 The stem is rather thick ; the upper surface is made up of two 

 sloping planes, and there is a narrow groove running from the 

 bowl to the end. Measured on the outside, the bowl is two inches 

 high ; the stem is about a fourth of an inch longer. Several quite 

 similar pipes have been found on both sides of the lake. A sim- 

 pler though well-made pipe is that given in Fig. 9. It is not so 

 perfectly polished as the preceding, and is one of the more com- 

 mon sort. 



It is well known that no material was so highly valued for 

 making pipes as the famous red pipestone. If the calumet had 

 any ceremonial significance in itself, as it certainly had, this be- 

 came doubly great if the pipe were made of the red stone. This 



Fio. 10. 



material was regarded as the petrified flesh of ancestors and was 

 revered accordingly, and the single quarry where it could be ob- 

 tained was a very sacred place. We often find this red pipestone 

 mentioned by early writers, and it is strange that specimens made 

 of it are not more often discovered, but they seem to be very rare 

 everywhere, except, of course, those made in recent times. 



The single specimen that has been found in the Champlain 

 Valley was thrown out by the plow a dozen miles south of Bur- 

 lington, and is shown in Fig. 10. It is made of the ordinary 

 dark red catlinite, and has the form given in the figure. It is 

 larger than most of our pipes, the stem being rather more than 

 three inches long and the bowl about two inches and a quarter 

 high. The cavity of the bowl is peculiarly excavated, as it is 



