EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN SPECIES 189 



the angle at the point of the chin is about sixty-eight 

 degrees. The cheek bones project laterally, with greater 

 or less prominence ; the nose is very small, tilted up 

 slightly at the end, and is usually hollowed instead of 

 arched. The eyes are small and black in color, set 

 somewhat obliquely, and the upper lid is drawn down 

 over the eye at its inner corner so as to make the ob- 

 liquity still more marked. The teeth are larger than 

 those of the Caucasian. Finally, the Mongol is below 

 the average of all men as regards height, being usually 

 about five feet four inches tall. 



The original Mongolians probably developed the 

 characteristic features we have just noted in a Central 

 Asiatic region, and then almost immediately they 

 divided into two great groups. Each of these evolved 

 along certain lines of its own, one sweeping northward 

 to develop into what are now called the Northern 

 Mongols, the other working its way eastward and south- 

 ward to produce the peoples of China proper, Indo- 

 China, and many parts of Malaysia. Considering first 

 the peoples of the Northern Mongolian division, we 

 find in the typical Manchurian what is perhaps the 

 nearest among modern people to the original race. 

 Spreading northward and westward from the middle 

 Asiatic plains, this great wave has produced the nomadic 

 tribes of Siberia, like the Chukchi, the Buryats, and the 

 Yukaghir. The present inhabitants of Turkestan con- 

 nect those forms which have remained near the original 

 home with the races of Mongolian origin that live 

 farther to the westward, like the Turks of Asia. But 

 the Mongolian tide originally swept much farther to the 

 west, although it was driven back later by conquering 



