96 The Scottish Naturalist. 



ment ever was the result of a state of consciousness ; that every 

 movement is the result of physical antecedents, which, being 

 present, the movement must of necessity follow ; and that in 

 this physical chain there is no break whatever." In this view 

 the identity of the two souls is retained at the expense, it will 

 be seen, of putting man's soul in the same predicament as the 

 animal's, of being merely the idle spectator of the automatic 

 action of the organism. Second, the view once thus expressed 

 by Dr. Carpenter, " Notwithstanding the evidences of rationality 

 which many of the lower animals present, and the manifesta- 

 tions which they display of emotions that are similar to our 

 own, there is no ground to believe that they have any of that 

 controlling power over their psychical operations that we pos- 

 sess ; on the contrary, all observation seems to lead to the 

 conclusion, that they are under the complete domination of 

 the ideas and emotions by which they are for the time possessed, 

 and have no power either of repressing those by a forcible act 

 of will, or of turning the attention by a like effort into another 

 channel. In this respect then, their condition resembles that 

 of the dreamer, the somnambule, or the insane patient, in all of 

 whom this voluntary control is suspended, and who (when their 

 minds are susceptible of external impressions) may be so 

 played-upon by the suggestion of ideas, that any respondent 

 action consistent with the habitual mental state of the indi- 

 vidual may be evoked by an appropriate stimulus " (H. Phys. 

 672-3, 4th ed.). Both of these opinions, it will be seen, build 

 on automatism; but their difference lies in this, that Mr. Huxley 

 offers as his theory, automatic, action of the organism alone 

 without the efficient interference either voluntarily or automati- 

 cally of an intelligent principle. Dr. Carpenter offers as his, auto- 

 matic action of the organism, and automatic action of an intel- 

 ligent principle likewise. 



( To be continued. ) 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF ANIMAL EEASON, 



( Continued from p. 64. ) 

 By W. LAUDER LINDSAY, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 



THE " Illustrations of Animal Reason" given in the last 

 number of the Scottish Naturalist have called forth sun- 

 dry friendly comments or criticisms, of a kind that is acceptable 



