ZOOLOGY. 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF ANIMAL REASON. 



f Co nli lined from p. 104. ) 

 By W. LAUDER LINDSAY, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 



WHEN studying two years ago the subject of Laughter 

 and Tears in the lower animals, in connection with 

 the feelings which these phenomena express, it seemed to me 

 necessary in the first place to determine whether and to what 

 extent the said animals possess the muscles, which in man are 

 concerned in the actions or expressions of Laughing and Weep- 

 ing. I therefore addressed myself to two eminent Comparative 

 Anatomists and Zoologists — Professor Turner of the University 

 of Edinburgh, and Professor Macalister of that of Dublin. 

 The former replied by proxy, through the then senior Demon- 

 strator of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh, who is now 

 Professor of Anatomy in the Owens College, Manchester. 



Writing from the Anatomical rooms of the University or 

 Edinburgh, of date 8th December, 1873, Professor Morrison 

 Watson did me the favour to report : 



" Professor Turner has asked me to reply to your questions 

 regarding the Facial muscles and Lachrymatory apparatus of 

 the animals you name. 



"As regards the Facial muscles of the dog, monkey, and 

 elephant, they are very similar to those of the human subject 

 in number and general arrangement, with such modifications as 

 are necessitated by the difference in form and configuration of 

 the cranium and face. In the Elephant (Indian) it is worthy 

 of remark that a particularly well developed Risorius muscle is 

 present. Whether the different facial muscles in these animals 

 are arranged in such a manner as to admit of the expression of 

 laughter is more difficult to determine, this expression in the 

 human subject being the result of the actions of so many 

 muscles, that it is almost impossible to decide as to the precise 



