133 The Scottish Naturalist. 



action of any particular muscle when the general expression is 

 assumed. Upon this point, therefore, I cannot offer an opinion. 

 I may further observe that in the Elephant (Indian) neither the 

 large nor small Zygomatic muscle is present. As to the cor- 

 responding muscles in the Hare and Rat, I cannot give any 

 information, not having examined these animals. 



."With reference to the Lachrymatory apparatus — it is present in 

 both the dog and monkey, and arranged in the same manner 

 as in man. As to the Elephant there is a difference of opinion on 

 the subject, and I enclose the proof-sheet containing my own 

 observations, which you will find printed in the last number ot 

 the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 



" Having extensive notes on the Facial muscles of the Ele- 

 phant, I shall be happy to furnish you with any further par- 

 ticulars you may wish regarding them." 



The special notes to which Professor Watson refers on the 

 Lachrymal Apparatus of the Indian Elephant are as follows : — 

 " Regarding the laclwymal apparatus of the Elephant we find 

 that various statements have been made by different authors. 

 Camper and Harrison on the one side maintain that no portion 

 of a lachrymal apparatus is present in the elephant ; while on 

 the other hand, Mayer (the most recent writer on the subject) 

 says — ' The puncta lachrymalia are small, the lachrymal duct 

 single and very narrow, the lachrymal gland of tolerable size. 

 Its excretory duct is as large as a strong knitting needle, and opens 

 on the external angle of the eyelids.' And, he adds, 'it is 

 striking that Camper should neither have discovered this gland, 

 its excretory duct, nor the lachrymal canal.' Perrault also men- 

 tions the presence of lachrymal glands in the elephant. My 

 own observations agree with those of the authors who have not 

 discovered any portion of a lachrymal apparatus, although each 

 separate element was carefully looked for. It is difficult to 

 explain the statements of those authors who maintain the 

 existence of such an apparatus ; more especially when it is 

 borne in mind that the Ethmoid bone in the elephant is quite 

 imperforate, and consequently affords no way of escape for the 

 lachrymal secretion. True, a Harderian gland, similar to that 

 which exists in connection with the third eyelid in birds, is to 

 be found in the elephant. It does not, however, occupy the 

 usual position of the lachrymal gland at the outer angle of the 

 orbit, but rests between the inner wall of that cavity and the inter- 

 nal Rectus muscle. Its excretory duct, moreover, opens on the 



