The Scottish Natiwalist. 251 



Max Mu Her — all of whom give a very different sound from 

 the chosen three. Again, under the heading " Moral Sense," 

 we have Maudsley, Leroy, Menault, Chambers's Encyclopaedia ; 

 it is needless to repeat the names we might have expected here, 

 either added, or, better, substituted. 2. The competency for 

 psychological discussion displayed, is just what is so frequently 

 and so easily at the command of even the foremost naturalists 

 and biologists of the day — such as Darwin. The true mental 

 philosopher has good reason to retort the demand for "experts" 

 so loudly made by these scientists. I instance what is said 

 under the heading " Moral Sense," especially in fine. May I 

 not instance the number of the mental rubrics themselves — 

 twenty-nine, or at least their co-ordinate arrangement ? 3. The 

 conclusion of the writer, as a fact, is opposed by many con- 

 siderations, some of which have been dwelt upon above, and 

 which go to establish a different view, but which have not had 

 due or even any attention in the discussion. 4. As an inference, 

 Dr. Lindsay's conclusion does not exhaust the facts alleged in the 

 line in which it interprets them. If they can be of force to 

 establish such a conclusion at all, they will avail to advance us 

 a good stage further; for (*.) the facts alleged show that 

 the same kind of mind which is manifested in the higher 

 animals, is found to be present as far as we can trace down 

 the series. There is scarcely one of the twenty-nine classes 

 of mental phenomena that Dr. Lindsay does not find in the 

 lowest as well as in the highest animal races — in the flea 

 and ant as well as the dog and elephant. Dr. Carpenter 

 has minutely observed and described the beautiful architec- 

 ture of the Foraminifera. If he had been as able to observe 

 the process of building as he has the finished work, analogy 

 leaves no doubt but that he would have found that the 

 foraminiferous speck of protoplasm is as competent to repair 

 mishaps in its work, to adapt itself to sudden emergencies, to 

 occurrent difficulties, and in every way to suit its instincts to 

 circumstances, as is the bee or the beaver. It is one mind that 

 is at work all through the animal sphere, (u.) If this mind is 

 shown by the facts to be u of the same nature as that of man" it is 

 incontestable that they also show that, in the degree of its 

 powers, it, at many points, surpasses the mind of man ; and 

 accordingly man comes to play the part of the lower animal to 

 those brute superiors ; and not only so, but the lower to the 

 lowest. Dr. Lindsay's premises, if they carry him the length 



