NOTES. 



383 



cial and temperate conditions, but associ- 

 ated with the great continental ice-sheets ; 

 second, a temperate climate with removal 

 of the ice-sheets from low grounds ; third, a 

 period of subsidence, with temperate cli- 

 mate, and much denudation of moraines ; 

 fourth, a period of emergence, with arctic 

 conditions, floating ice dispersing erratics, 

 and deposition of clays with arctic mollusca ; 

 and, fifth, a period of local glaciers in Brit- 

 ain and Ireland, with gradual amelioration 

 of climate. 



Db. Cobhold says that, when once the 

 trichina has gained admission to our mus- 

 cles, all hopes of dislodging it are at an 

 end ; but, if a person suspects that he has 

 eaten diseased or trichinized meat, he should 

 lose no time in seeking assistance. Imme- 

 diate advice, followed by suitable remedy, 

 might be the means of saving his life, 

 whereas a few days' delay would perhaps 

 prove fatal. While the worms are in the in- 

 testinal canal, we can get rid of them ; but, 

 when once the trichinal brood migrates into 

 the flesh, no means are known by which 

 their expulsion can be effected. 



A Berlin lithographer, after years of 

 6tudy, is said to have at last succeeded in 

 producing a paper for printing money which 

 it is impossible to imitate. The color of 

 the paper is the only secret on which the 

 invention rests. The inventor says the 

 colors cannot be chemically analyzed ; with 

 the magnifying-glass they can be distin- 

 guished from all other colors, and in their 

 quality as colors they cannot be imitated by 

 photography, nor in any other way. 



NOTES. 



According to the observations of a writ- 

 er in Land and Water, the time required for 

 fish-eggs to hatch varies greatly with differ- 

 ent seasons. He states that in 1869 ova 

 from the trout hatched in 55 days, in 1870 

 they were 92 days hatching, in 1871 95 

 days, and in 1872 they hatched in 82 days. 

 With the exception of temperature, the con- 

 ditions were identical in the different years. 

 The first year there was no frost, and the 

 ova were in a house with a glass roof, and 

 consequently at a high temperature. The 

 second and third years there were long 

 frosts after the eggs were placed in the box- 

 es, and this year there was also some frost. 



Catoptric lamps, or lamps provided 

 with reflectors, are being introduced in Lon- 

 don for lighting the streets. The reflectors 

 are so placed in the top of the lamp that 

 those portions of the light ordinarily pass- 

 ing skyward are made to illuminate the 

 foot-ways. The light is evenly distributed ; 

 and from the same jet, as shown by the 

 photometer, three times as much illuminat- 

 ing power is obtained as by the old-fash- 

 ioned lamp. 



Prof. Pepper, of ghostly fame, is giving 

 in London a popular scientific entertain- 

 ment, followed by a lecture on "spiritual- 

 ism." The professor announces himself as 

 ready to give all the " manifestations " usual 

 at "spirit seances.' 1 '' He "tips" the tables, 

 and " scratches " the same, with all the airy 

 grace of a disembodied sprite. The " hand 

 of glory" is to be seen at his entertainments, 

 and a violin is made to float in the air. Mr. 

 Pepper has not yet perfected his arrange- 

 ments for " floating " himself d la Home, but 

 that feat is " on the bills," and will be per- 

 formed in a few days. The means by which 

 he performs these marvels he keeps secret 

 at present, but promises to publish them 

 after a few months. 



The use of rubber plates and rings, for 

 making connections between steam and 

 other pipes, is often attended with much 

 annoyance, owing to the leakage of the joints. 

 This may be prevented by employing a ce- 

 ment prepared by dissolving shellac in am- 

 monia. The pulverized gum-shellac is 

 soaked in ten times its weight of strong 

 ammonia, when a slimy mass is obtained, 

 which in three or four weeks will become 

 liquid without the use of hot water. This 

 fastens well both to the rubber and to the 

 metal or wood, and becomes, by volatilization 

 of the ammonia, hard and impermeable to 

 either gases or fluids. 



Coloring Matter in Fungi. Mr. H. C. 

 Sorby has determined the existence of at 

 least 30 distinct coloring substances in fun- 

 gi. The majority contain at least two, and 

 many of fhem several, different kinds. 

 Twenty of these have such well-marked op- 

 tical qualities that they could be recognized 

 without difficulty in other plants, but only 

 one of them, a fine orange-color, is known 

 to exist in any plant not a fungus. As far 

 as Mr. Sorby's observations extend, there is 

 little or no specific agreement between the 

 substances found in fungi and those met 

 with in algae and lichens, though the two 

 latter orders are closely related in this re- 

 spect. Science Gossip. 



Prof. Herman, in a paper published in 

 Pfluger's Archiv, states that living muscle 

 offers very much greater resistance to an 

 electric current passing in a direction across 



