5 22 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Along with evolution of societies in size there goes evolution of 

 their coordinating centres ; which, having hecoine permanent, pres- 

 ently become more or less complex. In small tribes, chieftainship, 

 generally wanting in stability, is quite simple ; but, as tribes become 

 larger by growth, or by reduction of other tribes to subjection, the co- 

 ordinating apparatus begins to develop by the addition of subordinate 

 governing agencies. 



Simple and familiar as are these facts, we are not, therefore, to 

 overlook their significance. That men rise into the state of social ag- 

 gregation only on condition that they lapse into relations of inequality 

 in respect of power, and are made to cooperate as a whole only by the 

 agency of a structure securing obedience, is none the less a fact in sci- 

 ence because it is a trite fact. This is a primary common trait in so- 

 cial ao-orre<iates derived from a common trait in their units. It is a 

 truth in Sociology, comparable to the biological truth, that the first 

 step in the production of any living organism, high or low, is a certain 

 differentiation, whereby a peripheral portion becomes distinguished 

 from a central portion. And such exceptions to this biological truth 

 as we find in those minute non-nucleated portions of protoplasm that 

 are the very lowest living things, are paralleled by those exceptions to 

 the sociological truth, seen in the small incoherent assemblages formed 

 by the very lowest types of men. 



The differentiation of the regulating part and the regulated part 

 is, in small primitive societies, not only imperfectly established but 

 vague. The chief does not at first become unlike his fellow-savages in 

 his functions, otherwise than by exercising greater sway. He hunts, 

 makes his weapons, works, and manages his private affairs, in just the 

 same ways as the rest ; while in war he differs from other warriors only 

 by his predominant influence, not by ceasing to be a private soldier. 

 And, along with this slight separation from the rest of the tribe in mili- 

 tary functions and industrial functions, there is only a slight separation 

 politically : judicial action is but very feebly represented by exercise 

 of his personal authority in keeping order. 



At a higher stage, the power of the chief being well established, he 

 no longer supports himself. Still he remains undistinguished industri- 

 ally from other members of the dominant class, which has grown up 

 while chieftainship has been getting settled ; for he simply gets pro- 

 ductive work done by deputy, as they do. Nor is a further extension 

 of his power accompanied by complete separation of the political from 

 the industrial functions ; for he habitually remains a regulator of pro- 

 duction, and in many cases a regulator of trade, presiding over acts of 

 exchange. Of his several controlling functions, this last is, however, 

 the one which he first ceases personally to carry on. Industry early 

 shows a tendency toward self-control, apart from the control which the 

 chief exercises more and more as political and military head. The 

 primary social differentiation which we have noted between the regu- 



