THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE. 103 



only relation ; and examples of the kind might be multiplied in that 

 language. So in Chinese, a monosyllabic language, the word for 

 with, the sign of the instrumental case (" with the arm," " with a 

 stick") is simply the root which when a "full" word signifies to 

 make use of. 



In the monosyllabic languages, the full words and the vacant words 

 follow one another without ever amalgamating ; that is, the roots are 

 always isolated from each other, and there is never a word of several 

 syllables. It is true that we can form something like compounds by 

 bringing two words together, but without uniting them. Thus, in 

 Chinese, the words fd, father, and mil, mother, brought together un- 

 der the form of fu-mii, signify parents ; and in the same way the words 

 for " far " and " near " are made to signify distance. But there is 

 nothing of derivation in this. Neither of the two words serves as an 

 element of relation to the other, but each keeps all of its personality. 



A step further is taken at a certain moment of linguistic develop- 

 ment. The word indicating relation, the vacant word, is joined to 

 the full word, and a polysyllabic form arises. A new word is formed, 

 consisting of something else than a simple root, by the agglomeration 

 of different elements, and we are in a secondary or agglutinative stage. 

 We have no longer two full words juxtaposed to form a composite 

 word ; but an annexation to the principal word of a word playing the 

 part of a secondary derivative and defining the relations of the root to 

 which it is joined. When this derivative element is placed after the 

 radical form, it is called a suffix ; when it is placed at the beginning 

 of the word, it is a prefix. Sometimes it is intercalated in the body of 

 the word, and is then called an infix ; but that method of derivation 

 is rare. 



It may be added that there are no limitations to derivation. The 

 derived word may be the beginning of a second compound, and this 

 of a third, and so on. Thus, in Magyar, the derivative zdrat means 

 he causes to shut, and zdrhat he can shut ; then, by a secondary 

 derivation, we form zdrathat, he can cause to shut. In like manner, 

 zdratgat, he causes to shut often, is a secondary, and zdratgathat, 

 he can cause to shut often, is a tertiary derivative. The languages of 

 the third period of evolution, Latin for example, present a consider- 

 able number of these secondary and tertiary derivatives. The Latin 

 word pater, father, is a primary derivative, of which the full or radical 

 element is pa and the limiting element is ter. JPaternits, whence our 

 paternal, is a secondary, and paternitas, corresponding with our pater- 

 nity, is a tertiary derivative. But our languages have not the extraor- 

 dinary facility in derivation possessed by some simply agglutinative 

 idioms. Thus, in the Turkish language, a single word may be made 

 to introduce an indefinite number of ideas : as, sevmek, to love ; s&v- 

 mhneh, not to love ; sevilmek, to be loved ; sevilmhnek, not to be 

 loved ; sevdirmUc, to make to love ; sevdirmemt7c, not to make to 



