WOODS AND THEIR DESTRUCTIVE FUNGI. 609 



A cut in a growing tree will be healed over in a few years, and in 

 many woods, after twenty-five to thirty years, the scar can hardly be 

 found. This fact will be recognized by those w T ho have traced former 

 land-surveys through the forests ; upon rerunning the line, chopping 

 into a supposed line-tree is often required to determine the question, 

 the former wound having healed so perfectly as not to leave a scar. 



Fig. 16, one fourth size, represents Polyjyorus pinicola (Fr.), partly 

 in section to show the pores, also the apparent economy in the use of 

 material in providing a surface for the growth of the spores, a suc- 

 ceeding forming over a preceding growth ; on the upper portion the 

 spore-bearing surface was renewed three times, and then new tissue 

 pushed out underneath, and one set of pores formed before it was 

 gathered. This fungus is found upon the firs and spruces, and is very 

 destructive to planks of the latter, destroying those of two inches in 

 thickness, in walks in from two to four years, while in station-plat- 

 forms close to the ground, they do not last that length of time. One 

 interesting feature in regard to this fungus is the quantity of phos- 

 phoric acid which was obtained from it by treating with necessary 

 reagents. Potash and lime were also abundant. The watery extract 

 . from this fungus nearly resembles in composition the artificial prep- 

 arations used for the cultivation of molds, and it undergoes fermen- 

 tation in a few hours in the laboratory, cells of some of the species 

 of Saccharomycetes growing in great abundance. In wood in process 

 of destruction by this fungus, similar cells have been found. 



The fungi so far illustrated are but a few of the species of the 

 highest types which produce the so-called " dry rot " in timber, and the 

 list could be extended, though the final results of all are practically 

 similar, all requiring about the same general conditions for growth 

 in order to destroy the timber. Besides those of the highest type, there 

 are many other fungi, which are very destructive. The lower order of 

 Sphceriacei contains some genera which are parasitic upon the trees, 

 especially the Sjohceria ; others of its species thrive upon decorticated 

 trees and unseasoned sawed timber, and many are associated with the 

 decay of timber that w r riters have called " wet rot." The distinction 

 from the improperly called "dry rot" is not clear, as in either kind 

 the presence of moisture, air, and warmth combined is essential. 



The mycelia of the Splicer ia are not so abundant as those of the 

 higher types, but the filaments are larger, stronger, and able to pierce 

 the medullary cells of the sap-wood, destroying them and making a 

 free entrance for air and moisture. Fig. 17 represents Sphoeria pili- 

 fera (Fr.), as identified by Professor Charles H. Peck, and is drawn 

 from specimens I have found abundant upon the sap-wood of the 

 yellow pine from the South, as stated in the former paper ; another 

 form of it is sometimes found from the same locality, having smooth 

 perithecia ; this latter form is common in the white pine in Massa- 

 chusetts. 



vol. xxix. 39 



