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POPULAR MISCELLANY. 



Niagara Falls at the American Associ- 

 ation. Professor Pohlman presented his 

 theory of the origin of the Niagara gorge 

 to the American Association at its recent 

 meeting. This theory differs essentially 

 from the views usually accepted by geolo- 

 gists, that Niagara Falls were originally at 

 Lewiston, and the river has since exca- 

 vated the chasm through which it flows, 

 thence to the present position of the falls. 

 Professor Pohlman's view is based on a 

 careful survey of the district appertaining 

 to the Niagara basin, which he distinctly 

 defines, with its ancient river-beds, and of 

 the ancient beach-marks on the lake-shores 

 that testify to the gradual subsidence of 

 the water. It supposes that the ancient 

 Tonawanda River flowed into the valley of 

 the present Niagara at about the same 

 place as where it enters now; that the 

 original point of overflow of its waters 

 across the thin-bedded Niagara limestone 

 was perhaps somewhere near or a little 

 southerly from the upper rapids at the 

 present falls ; that from here the waters 

 met no obstacle, and in their flow prede- 

 termined the river-gorge between the falls 

 and the Whirlpool, and continued in a 

 straight course north through the valley 

 of St. Davis. They descended over the es- 

 carpment at the latter place, and along this 

 line in the course of time the three falls 

 over the Medina sandstone and the Clinton 

 and Niagara limestones were formed. Dur- 

 ing the glacial period the natural drainage- 

 lines were closed up, and a great lake was 

 formed. After the disappearance of the 

 ice-sheet, when the water had subsided to 

 about 605 feet above the ocean, or stood 

 on a level with Lewiston Heights, Lake 

 Erie and Lake Ontario formed two large 

 bodies of water, separated by a mud-flat 

 which extended from Buffalo to Lewiston. 

 Then, as Professor Pohlman attempts to 

 show from the terraces, the two lakes 

 drained simultaneously, and were connected 

 by a river with a more or less swift current, 

 but without any fall, simply deepening its 

 bed in the drift and shaping its course 

 along the buried pre-glacial valleys. But, 

 when the waters reached the Niagara lime- 

 stone at the edge of the Lewiston escarp- 



