io6 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



cini, has inscribed in her code the principles of nationality and the con- 

 sequences that flow therefrom. Mancini says there must be treaties 

 in order that the interest of foreigners be maintained and full justice 

 done them on an equal footing with the citizens. If he has not com- 

 pletely succeeded in his mission, it is because the times are not ripe for 

 the realization of his ideas. This is not a new dream of perpetual 

 peace, for the true ideal is not peace, but the reign of right ; and cer- 

 tainly there is nothing Utopian in the hope that peoples will under- 

 stand the regulation of interests purely private, and having little or no 

 connection with these greater interests for which, it is to be feared, the 

 resort to arms will always be a painful necessity. If this attempt of 

 Mancini has been premature, it has not on that account been useless. 

 It has opened the only way to a solution of the difficulties which every 

 day increase as international relations multiply. 



In our days, through the progress of the physical sciences, and 

 their cooperation Tvith modern diplomacy, international relations have 

 undergone a veritable transformation. Communications between the 

 most distant countries are now more sure- and easy than they were in 

 the last century between two provinces of the same state. A letter 

 from any part of the United States to Rome now costs less than a 

 letter from one town to another, ten miles distant, did sixty years ago. 

 The merchants of Kew York, Cincinnati, and Chicago, and even San 

 Francisco, negotiate as easily with the merchants of Paris, London, or 

 Liverpool as with those of Buffalo, Philadelphia, or New Orleans. We 

 employ each day, for the satisfaction of our wants, the i3roducts of 

 the most distant countries with as much facility as those of our own 

 soil. LTndoubtedly science has done a vast amount in this prodi- 

 gious development of international intercourse ; it is science which 

 has furnished us steam and electricity, for diminishing distances, and 

 bringing peoples into closer relations. Science, it is true, can not do 

 everything ; it should be seconded by the law to produce all the ad- 

 vantages of which it is capable. The means of communication fur- 

 nished by it the railroads, the steamboats, and the telegraiDh-lines 

 would have but a limited sphere of action, if the States were isolated 

 one from another. The legal barriers that formerly existed between 

 peoples should be removed at the same time as the natural barriers, 

 and this is really taking place, for, as science progresses and material 

 interests become more developed, the ancient restrictive rules on immi- 

 gration arc successively modified, as also are the regulations on the 

 legal condition of foreigners, on the necessity of passports, etc. But 

 this alone will not suffice : sometimes it is necessary that governments 

 mutually aid each other in the attainment of a result beneficial to all ; 

 such, for example, as the extradition of fugitives from justice. The 

 tendency is to create or regulate the relations between civilized coun- 

 tries in such a way that, while the sovereignty and independence of 

 each is guaranteed, the general interests, h ^ving a cosmopolitan char- 



