GLUCOSE AND GRAPE-SUGAR. 



2^1 



atom is charged always with one equivalent, either of positive or of neg- 

 ative electricity, they can form compounds, being electrically neutral, 

 only if every unit charged positively unites under the influence of a 

 mighty electric attraction with another unit charged negatively. You 

 see that this ought to produce compounds in which every unit of affin- 

 ity of every atom is connected with one and only with one other unit 

 of another atom. This is, as you will see immediately, indeed, the 

 modern chemical theory of quantivalence, comprising all the saturated 

 compounds. The fact that even elementary substances, with few ex- 

 ceptions, have molecules composed of two atoms, makes it probable 

 that even in these cases electric neutralization is produced by the com- 

 bination of two atoms, each charged with its electric equivalent, not 

 by neutralization of every single unit of affinity. 



But I abstain from entering into mere specialties, as, for instance, 

 the question of unsaturated compounds ; perhaps I have gone already 

 too far. I would not have dared to do it if I did not feel myself shel- 

 tered by the authority of that great man who was guided by a never- 

 erring instinct of truth. I thought that the best I could do for his 

 memory was to recall to the minds of the men, by the energy and in- 

 telligence of whom chemistry has undergone its modern astonishing 

 development, what important treasures of knowledge lie still hidden 

 in the works of that wonderful genius. I am not sufficiently acquainted 

 with chemistry to be confident that I have given the right interpreta- 

 tion that interpretation which Faraday himself would have given, 

 perhaps, if he had known the law of chemical quantivalence, if he had 

 had the experimental means of ascertaining how large the extent, how 

 unexceptional the accuracy of his law really is ; and if he had known 

 the precise formulation of the law of energy applied to chemical work, 

 and of the laws which determine the distribution of electric forces in 

 space as well as in ponderable bodies, transmitting electric current or 

 forming condensers. I shall consider my work of to-day well rewarded 

 if I have succeeded in kindling anew the interest of chemists for the 

 electro-chemical part of their science. 



---- 



GLUCOSE AXD GEAPE-SUGAE. 



By Professob HAEVEY W. WILEY. 



rriHE manufacture of sirup and sugar from corn-starch is an indus- 

 -L try which, in this country, is scarcely a dozen years old, and yet 

 it is one of no inconsiderable magnitude. On August 1, 1880, ten 

 glucose-factories were in operation in the United States, consuming 

 daily about twenty thousand bushels of corn. These, with their sev- 

 eral capacities, are as follows : 



