POPULAR MISCELLANY. 



28i 



larger, fibulae, precisely like those of the 

 terra mare of Italy, but to which nothing 

 similar has been found between the two 

 places, and Etruscan potteries. These arti- 

 cles are probably of the sixth century b. c, 

 and relics of Italian colonists. A splendidly 

 ornamented bronze hatchet, from the same 

 region, also deserves mention. Filimonof 

 has concluded, from the researches he has 

 made, that the transition from bronze to 

 iron took place in the Caucasus about five 

 hundred years before Christ. Bronze buckles 

 from near Kertch, like those of the Mero- 

 vingian period in France, were probably 

 Roman. Craniology was fully represented 

 by more than five hundred Kurgan skulls, 

 and by a host of skulls representing about 

 twenty races of Europe and Asia. Among 

 the numerous skeletons were two of Ainos. 

 A skull of the stone age from the govern- 

 ment of Vladimir and pieces of other skulls 

 and skeletons found with it are the old- 

 est remains of man yet found in Russia, 

 and the first of the stone age. Professor 

 Inostranzof, of St. Petersburg, has recently 

 found other human remains of that age. 

 The ethnographic department was not so 

 fully represented as the others, but included 

 collections illustrating the vai'ious modes of 

 caring for infants, embroideries, articles of 

 household manufacture, models of houses 

 and farm-buildings, musical instruments, 

 hunting, fishing, and farming implements, 

 and rare articles representing the diversified 

 populations of Siberia, the last being con- 

 tributed by the Imperial Russian Geographi- 

 cal Society of St. Petersburg. This depart- 

 ment is richly illustrated in the collection of 

 the Rumyanzof Museum, of Moscow. 



The Phaeodaria. Professor Ernst Haeck- 

 el, at a recent meeting of the Natural His- 

 tory Society of Jena, read a note on the 

 phaeodaria, a new group of marine siliceous 

 rhizopods, rich in specific forms and remark- 

 able in many respects, which have hitherto 

 been included in the tvpical radiolaria, from 

 which, however, they present considerable 

 points of difference. A new light has been 

 thrown upon these beings by the Challenger 

 Expedition, which, besides discovering forms 

 of typical radiolaria corresponding to two 

 thousand species, brought to light a num- 

 ber of deep-sea phaeodaria, hitherto entirely 



unkno^Ti. John Murray, in 18*76, described 

 some of the forms of these new species, 

 drawing attention to the extremely delicate 

 and finely fenestrated structure of the large 

 siliceous shells, and to the constant appear- 

 ance of masses of black-brown pigment 

 which are scattered through the sarcode, 

 outside the central capsule. These ani- 

 mals are usually considerably larger than 

 the other radiolaria, and many of them are 

 visible to the naked eye. They bear a pe- 

 culiar mass of dark pigment-granules, called 

 pheodium, outside the central capsule, and 

 have, with few exceptions, a well-developed, 

 always exti*a-capsular, siliceous skeleton, 

 which forms very varied and delicate struct- 

 ures, usually radiating outward in hollow 

 siliceous tubes. 



Industrial Accidents, etc. Mr. T. A. 



Brocklebank suggests that the amount of 

 sickness and death incurred in industrial 

 operations in England, as a direct result of 

 the conditions under which they are carried 

 on, is a subject that demands investigation. 

 In ISTY he compiled tables for use before 

 the House of Lords, which gave returns of 

 deaths and injuries by boilers in mines, on 

 railways, and at factories, with totals for 

 1873, 18*74, 18*75, and 1876, of 107,000 

 men, women, and children; and he estimates, 

 on the basis of the facts contained in these 

 tables, that 500,000 workmen will be killed 

 during the ten years, 1877 to 1886, as follows : 

 in mines, 300,000 ; on railways, 70,000 ; in 

 factories, 180,000. Sir Edward Watkin also 

 has made a statement in the House of Com- 

 mons to the effect that 100,000 persons are 

 killed annually in industrial occupations in 

 England. Facts are cited to show that the 

 accidents that are reported compose only a 

 part of those which take place, and to make 

 it appear probable that Mr. Brocklebank's 

 estimate is a very moderate one. 



Sewage-Farming. The Royal Agricult- 

 ural Society has recently awarded two prizes 

 of one hundred pounds sterling each for the 

 best managed sewage-farm, the one utiliz- 

 ing the sewage of not more, the other that 

 of more than twenty thousand people. Nine 

 farmers competed for the two prizes. The 

 judges stated in their report that there was 

 a veiy considerable difference, both in the 



