THE RACES OF MANKIND. 



291 



came to Rome and saw the Belvedere Apollo, exclaimed, " It is a 

 young Mohawk warrior ! " Much the same has been said of the pro- 

 portions of Zooloo athletes. Yet, if fairly-chosen photographs of Caffres 

 be compared with a classic model, such as the Ajoollo, it will be noticed 

 that the trunk of the African has a somewhat wall-sided straightness, 

 wanting in the inward slope which gives fineness to the waist, and in 

 the expansion below which gives breadth across the hips, these being 

 two of the most noticeable points in the classic model which our j^aint- 

 ers recognize as an ideal of manly beauty. 



In comparing races, one of the first questions that occurs is, whether 

 people, who differ so much intellectually as savage tribes and civilized 

 nations, show any corresponding difference in their brain. There is, 

 in fact, a considerable difference. The most usual way of ascertaining 

 the quantity of brain is to measure the capacity of the brain-case by 

 filling skulls with shot or seed. Professor Flower gives as a mean 

 estimate of the contents of skulls in cubic inches Australian, seventy- 

 nine ; African, eighty-five ; European, ninety-one. Eminent anato- 

 mists also think that the brain of the European is somewhat more com- 

 plex in its convolutions than the brain of a negro or Hottentot. Thus, 

 though these observations are far from perfect, they show a connection 

 between a more full and intricate system of brain-cells and fibers, and 

 a higher intellectual power, in the races w^hich have risen in the scale 

 of civilization. 



The form of the skull itself has been to the anatomist one of the 

 best means of distinguishing races. It is often possible to tell by in- 

 spection of a skull what race it belongs to. In comparing skulls, some 

 of the most easily noticeable distinctions are the following : 



When looked at from the vertical or top view, the proportion of 

 breadth to length is seen as in Fig. 2. Taking the diameter from back 



a 



Fig. 2. Top View of Skulls, a. Ne^ro. index 70. rlolichocephalic : h. European, index 80, meso- 



ceplialic; c, Samoyed, index 85, brachycephalic. 



to front as 100, the cross diameter gives the so-called index of breadth, 

 which is here about 70 in the negro (), 80 in the European (b), and 

 85 in the Samoyed (c). Such skulls are classed respectively as cloU- 

 chocephalic, or "long-headed" ; mesocephallc, or "middle-headed"; 

 and brachycephalic, or " short-headed." A model skull of a flexible 



