EUROPEAN SCHOOLS OF FORESTRY. 313 



give instruction upon the subject. The course was greatly deficient, at 

 the best, on account of its entire lack of technical teaching. This de- 

 fect, felt more and more, finally led to the establishment of an academy 

 for forest instruction at Berlin in 1821, under the general superintend- 

 ence of Pfeil, then Oberforstratk. The academy was not organically 

 connected with the university, but was brought into such an association 

 with it that the professors and apparatus of instruction belonging to 

 the university could be used for teaching the fundamental and acces- 

 sory sciences, while technical forestry was taught by professors in the 

 academ}^ specially qualified for the work. This arrangement, how- 

 ever, did not prove satisfactory. Too much j^rominence was given to 

 the accessory sciences, and too little to forestry proper. Especially 

 was the lack of sufticient instruction in practical forestry felt, there 

 beinsT no suitable woodland in the neiorhborhood of Berlin in which 

 the theoretical instruction could be practically illustrated and applied. 

 Excursions to distant forests, which could be made only infrequently, 

 did not meet the want. On the advice of the superintendent, seconded 

 by the energetic support of the two Humboldts, the academy was 

 removed in 1830 to Neustadt-Eberswalde, about twenty-four miles 

 northeast of Berlin, under the name of the High Institution for Forest 

 Science. The school was now in the immediate vicinity of two large 

 forest districts, affording every facility for instruction in practical 

 forestry. The superintendent of the academy was made also adminis- 

 trator of the forest districts. Associated with him, as instructor in 

 forestry j^roper, were two others as teachers of the natural sciences 

 and of mathematics and geodesy. At the same time a teacher of 

 Prussian jurisprudence, with particular reference to forest matters, 

 was added, and, after an interval of twenty years, a second teacher of 

 forest science was appointed. Since 1866 important changes have 

 been made in the organization of the academy, and the number of 

 instructors has been largely increased. There are now three teachers 

 of forest science, a teacher of mathematics, physics, mechanics, and 

 meteorology ; one of chemistry, mineralogy, and geognosy ; one of 

 botany, one of zoology, and one of jurisprudence. In addition, there 

 are a royal chief forest ofiicer, as assistant teacher of road-construc- 

 tion, geodesy, and plan-drawing, and also a chemist as assistant teacher 

 of geology. The principal forest meteorological station of Germany 

 is also in connection with this school. 



The course of instruction in the schools of forestry extends from 

 two years to two and a half, or five semesters, the tendency having 

 been constantly to protract the time. The course at Xeustadt-Ebers- 

 walde embraces five semesters. The branches tauirht are arrang^ed in 

 three groups, viz., " Fundamental Sciences," "Principal Sciences," and 

 " Secondary Sciences." Under the heading of " Fundamental Sciences " 

 are included : 1. JSTatural Sciences. Chemistry, theoretic and applied ; 

 physics and meteorology ; mineralogy and geognosy ; botany, and 



