EUROPEAN SCHOOLS OF FORESTRY. 315 



ment because only the technical teaching of forestry would have to 

 be provided for, instruction in the fundamental and allied sciences 

 being already abundantly secured in the necessary endowment of the 

 ordinary educational establishments. The argument for the union of 

 the separate forest schools with the universities, as put by Dr. Richard 

 Hess, formerly Professor of Forestry and now director of the Forestry 

 Department of the University of Giessen, in a recent work of his, 

 may be taken as a fair exhibition of the reasoning of those who favor 

 the. union of the forest schools with the universities. He claims that 

 the universities can always command for their various chairs men of 

 the highest ability, and this, in the lirst place, because the position of 

 such a professor is the most independent one, the instructors in the 

 forest schools being dependent upon the director ; secondly, because 

 the universities have better libraries and apparatus than the forest 

 schools can have by themselves ; thirdly, the natural stimulation of 

 colleagues in allied chairs is a powerful motive to excellence ; fourthly, 

 the latest developments of science in the related departments of in- 

 struction will be found in the universities ; fifthly, the professors in 

 connection with the universities receive a better income than those in 

 the isolated forest schools ; and, finally, the academic atmosphere of 

 the great university is of value, and helpful to professors and students 

 alike. These reasons are forcibly urged in addition to those econom- 

 ical considerations which we have already mentioned. Professor Hess 

 also adduces the practical fact that the forests of Hesse show the very 

 best management, and are visited by foresters from abroad on this ac- 

 count, and that the forest management of Hesse took a high position 

 at the Congress of Foresters held in connection with the Vienna Ex- 

 position in 1873. 



The tendency of opinion, especially in the central and southern 

 portions of Germany, seems to be in favor of attaching the forest 

 academies to the universities. More and more there is demanded, in 

 those who are called to important positions in the forestry service, the 

 most thorough academical education, and one now has very little 

 chance of gaining a high position in the management of the govern- 

 ment forests who has not had a complete university education. With- 

 out this he can hope to occupy only a subordinate place. The tendency 

 of the opinion of those most competent to judge in the case is shown 

 also by the fact that at a convention of foresters held at Freyburg in 

 1874, and numbering three hundred and sixty-nine members, it was 

 declared unanimously that the isolated system of forest instruction 

 will no longer suffice, and the study of forestry in connection with the 

 universities was favored. 



One of the most recently established schools is that at Miinden 

 under the directorship of Dr. Gustav Heyer. Its management is like 

 that at Neustadt-Eberswalde, and the average number of students has 

 been about seventy -five. The Central Forest Institute at Aschaffen- 



