EUROPEAN SCHOOLS OF FORESTRY. 317 



agricultural, or forestral journals, and thirty-five are of the political, 

 literary, or illustrated class." 



The design of this academy is, in the words of another, " to impart 

 a thorough, practical, and professional education to those who are to 

 become the owners or managers of estates, and to farmers and foresters 

 in public or private service, and to enable them to become champions 

 of progress among their colleagues in business." 



At the University of Tubingen, a chair of Agriculture and Forestry 

 has existed since 1817. 



The Polytechnic School at Carlsruhe, in Baden, has a department 

 of forestry, with two professors. From thirty-five to forty students 

 attend, of whom about one fifth are foreigners. The requirements for 

 admission are as follows : Citizens of the state, who wish to enter the 

 state forestry service, after attending a full course at the gymnasium, 

 are admitted, and must pass through a course of four years, of which 

 the first two are devoted to those fundamental and auxiliary studies 

 which do not relate directly to forest-science, but which serve as a 

 preparation for the remaining two years' studies, or the forest-course 

 proper. Foreigners may attend the first two years or not, as they pre- 

 fer. . An age of seventeen years is required for admission. At the close 

 of the second year the state students must pass an examination in 

 natural philosophy and mathematics ; but if they fail they are allowed 

 one more trial. This examination entitles them to enter upon the last 

 two years of special forest studies, in which they are taught agricult- 

 ure, forest jurisprudence, and the higher mathematics, when they are 

 again examined, and, if j^assed, are qualified for a place in the state 

 service. The examination at the end of the first two years is by the 

 professors of the polytechnic school, and the final examination by the 

 forest directors, a person skilled in law, a professor of agriculture, a 

 professor of forest management, and two professors of mathematics. 



After passing all examinations, the candidate is assigned to the 

 general district foresters as an assistant, to enable him to become prac- 

 tically acquainted with his duties, and he receives a tract of forest to 

 manage. After six to ten years, according to the number waiting, he 

 gets a position as general district forester. The number of forest dis- 

 tricts in Baden at present is one hundred and ten, to about four of 

 which appointments are made annually. The Forest Direction has 

 its seat in Carlsruhe, and is composed of six members, who are in- 

 spectors. 



The aids to instruction at this forest school are a valuable collection 

 of objects pertaining to the subject, a chemical and physiological lab- 

 oratory, to which a greenhouse is annexed, and a forest garden. The 

 area of forests in Baden is 1,262,493 acres. 



A school of forestry was established in connection with the Uni- 

 versity of Giessen, in Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1825, with two chairs of 

 forestry and a course of three years. In 1831 this school was imited 



