420 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration 

 IN Nkw York, Ohio, and Pennsvlvania. 

 By Joseph D. Weeks, A. M. From the 

 Twelftli Annual Report of the Massa- 

 chusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 

 With Comments by Carroll D. Wright, 

 'Chief. Boston. Pp. 75. 



Mr. Weeks has furnished in this paper 

 a laro-c amount of information from the ex- 

 perience of business establishments in his 

 o\vn and other States. Conciliation is the 

 arrival at a mutual understanding, in case 

 of difficulties between employers and em- 

 ployed, either through their own discus- 

 sions or the intervention of friendly par- 

 ties, and is voluntary. It was first brought 

 into effect in the iron-works at Pittsbursr. 

 in 1866, and has been continued, with only 

 such interruptions as were provided for in 

 the agreements and were consistent with 

 their terms, till the present time. Thence 

 it has been extended to establishments in 

 West Virginia and Ohio, Arbitration is 

 reference of the dispute to an umpire, whose 

 decision is intended to be binding. It 

 has been tried in the anthracite, Pitts- 

 burg, and Shenango coal-regions in Penn- 

 sylvania, and in the coal-mines of Ohio, and 

 has always so far. failed. One instance of 

 its successful operation in this country is in 

 a large cigar-manufactory in this city, where 

 the relations between the proprietors and 

 their workmen appear to be established on 

 the most agreeable basis. The full history 

 of all these efforts is given in the pamphlet. 



Observations on Jupiter. Presented to 



the American Academy of Arts and 



Sciences, March 9, 1881. By L. Trou- 

 velot. Pp. 22, 



M, Trouvelot began in 1 876 a series of 

 observations on the planets, for the purpose 

 of studying them at every point of their or- 

 bits. Five hundred and ninety-one obser- 

 vations were made on Jupiter during five 

 years, and not quite as many drawings were 

 taken. The planet showed signs of lively 

 commotion in 1876, when a spot was recog- 

 nized on a second observation only once. 

 During the following years the planet was 

 more quiet, the spots were more durable, 

 and one, the " great red spot," was persist- 

 ent for several months. The periods of rota- 

 tion of the planet, as deduced from observa- 

 tions of the spots, exhibit variations which 

 appear to be dependent upon their proper 



motion. The great spot gives a period of 

 between 9h, 55m, 38'81s, and 9h. 55m. 

 43'96s. M. Trouvelot thinks this is as near 

 to the actual period as we are ever likely to 

 arrive. 



Working Drawings, and how to use 

 Them. By Lewis M. IIaupt, Professor 

 of Civil Engineering in the University 

 of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia : Joseph 

 M. Stoddard & Co. Pp. 55, with Nine 

 Charts of Figures. 



By the usual teaching of drawing, pupils 

 learn to observe and copy from models, 

 and to construct perspectives "by rule-of- 

 thumb," but not, the author believes, except 

 in the case of patterns for tapestry, carv- 

 ings, and similar applications, to invent 

 designs from which constructions can be 

 made. For this purpose the designer should 

 be able, in order that the object he con- 

 ceives may be constructed from the draw- 

 ing, to dissect it and so to project its several 

 parts on the plane of the paper, that the ar- 

 tisan shall know just where to find them, and 

 what they represent. The present work is 

 designed as an introduction to this branch 

 of the study. 



Imaginary Quantities : Their Geometrical 

 Interpretation, Translated from the 

 French of M. R. Argand. By Professor 

 A. S. Hardy. New York : D. Van Nos- 

 trand. Pp. 135. Price, 50 cents. 



M. Argand was the first who undertook 

 (in 1806) to suggest the true theory of the 

 so-called imaginary quantities of mathemat- 

 ics. He was followed, twenty-five years 

 afterward, by Gauss, and later by other au- 

 thors who have given the subject a fuller 

 development. The translation of his essay 

 is followed in the present volume by notes 

 on the geometrical interpretation of imagi- 

 nary quantities by Professor Hardy. 



The Endowment of Scientific Research. 

 From the Annual Address of the Presi- 

 dent of the California Academy of Sci- 

 ences, Professor George Davidson, A. 

 M., Ph. D. Pp. 8. 



This is a strong presentation of the 

 proofs that science is economically profita- 

 ble, and of the arguments in favor of its 

 endowment with means to prosecute inves- 

 tigations. 



