PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 595 



carry on wars with adjacent nobles and with one another. They not 

 uncommonly form leagues for joint defense. And, where this semi- 

 militancy of towns is maintained, industrial development and accom- 

 panying increase of popular power are arrested. 



But, where circumstances have favored manufacturing and commer- 

 cial activities and growth of the population devoted to them, this, as 

 it becomes a large component of the society, makes its influence felt. 

 The primary obligation to render money and service to the head of 

 the state, often reluctantly complied with, is resisted when the exac- 

 tions are great ; and resistance causes conciliatory measures. There 

 comes asking consent rather than resort to compulsion. If absence of 

 violent local antagonisms permits, then on occasions when the political 

 head, rousing anger by injustice, is also weakened by defections, there 

 comes cooperation with other classes of oppressed subjects. Men 

 originally delegated simply that they may authorize imposed burdens 

 are enabled, as the power behind them increases, more and more firmly 

 to insist on conditions ; and the growing practice of yielding to their 

 petitions, as a means to obtaining their aid, initiates the practice of 

 letting them share in legislation. 



Finally, in virtue of the general law of organization that differ- 

 ence of functions entails differentiation and division of the parts per- 

 forming them, there comes a separation. At first summoned to the 

 national assembly for purposes partially like and partially unlike those 

 of its other members, the elected members show a segregating ten- 

 dency, which, where the industrial portion of the community continues 

 to gain power, ends in the formation of a representative body distinct 

 from the original consultative body. 



-^^- 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 



By FELIX L. OSWALD, M. D. 

 I. REMEDIAL EDUCATION. 



"We can not buy health; we must deserve it." Feaxcis Bichat. 



" "pREYENTIOlSr is better than cure and far cheaper," said John 

 -L Locke, two hundred years ago ; and the history of medical 

 science has since made it more and more probable that, in a stricter 

 sense of the word, prevention is the only possible cure. By observing 

 the health laws of Nature, a sound constitution can be very easily pre- 

 served, but, if a violation of those laws has brought on a disease, all 

 we can do by way of " curing " that disease is to remove the cause ; 

 in other words, to 2:>reve?it the continued operation of the predisposing 

 circumstances. 



