INCREASE OF THE COLORED POPULATION, 671 



actual gain in our foreign white population during the decade to the 

 loss of the foreign white population which was here at the beginning 

 of the decade. There were 979,000 more white foreigners in the States 

 in 1880 than in 1870. According to the census of 1870, there were 

 5,438,000 white foreigners in the States. At 25^ per cent, for the mor- 

 tality of this class in ten years, it lost 1,373,000 during the decade. 

 Adding this to the actual gain of foreign white population, 979,000, 

 we get the number of immigrants during the decade, which were still 

 surviving and counted in the census of 1880. The result is 2,352,000 

 the same as by the other process. The error in this result must be 

 comparatively inconsiderable. 



Then, in order to ascertain the gain of Northern whites and of 

 Southern whites respectively, the numerical disturbance of this foreign 

 element must be got rid of by deducting it from the census figures of 

 1880 ; and, to this end, we must know what part of it belongs to the 

 Northern and what to the Southern States. The South during the 

 last decade did not receive its average quota of foreigners. In nine 

 of the Southern States there was a falling off of foreign population 

 amounting to 29,700. Missouri alone lost 11,000. In the other eight 

 there was a gain of 66,000. Texas alone gained 50,000 ; so that, but 

 for Texas, there would have been a loss of foreign population in the 

 South during the decade. The foreign gain in the South, deducting 

 Chinese, was 35,000 ; in the North, 944,000. Adding to the first of 

 these numbers the foreign loss in the Southern States during the 

 decade, 157,000, we have 192,000 foreign whites who settled in the 

 South during the decade, and were counted in 1880. By a like proc- 

 ess, we find the corresponding number for the Northern States to be 

 2,160,000. Being enabled thus to eliminate the immigration of the 

 decade, we find the percentage of gain in the white population of the 

 Southern States to be 30*8, and of the Northern States 17*7. 



But this calculation does not bring out the relative increase of the 

 native whites North and the native whites South. It includes all the 

 children born of foreign parents who came to this country after the 

 decade commenced ; and this is a very considerable item. Of the for- 

 eign-born in this country, 23 per cent, are females between the ages 

 of twenty and forty years. Of actual immigrants, it was formerly 

 somewhat less, as it is now probably somewhat more than this. As 

 the immigrants of the decade were here during an average of nearly 

 five and a half years, it would be safe to reckon one living child to 

 each immigrant female between the ages of twenty and forty, de- 

 duction having already been made for the mortality of immigrants 

 during the decade. Making this further correction, the ratio of in- 

 crease for the Northern whites would be 15 "7, and for the Southern 

 whites 30-4. 



Still we have not reached the relative increase of the native whites 

 North and South. Allowance should be made for the excess of pro- 



