752 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Given two societies of which the members are all either war- 

 riors or those who supply the needs of warriors, and, other thino-s 

 equal, supremacy in war will be gained by that in which the efforts 

 of all are most effectually combined. In open warfare joint action 

 triumphs over individual action. Military history is a history of the 

 successes of men trained to move and fight in concert. 



Not only must there be in the fighting part a combination such 

 that the powers of its units may be concentrated, but there must be a 

 combination of the subservient part with it. If the two are so sepa- 

 rated that they can act independently, the needs of the fighting part 

 will not be adequately met. If to be cut off from a temporary base 

 of ojoerations is dangerous, still moi'e dangerous is it to be cut off from 

 the permanent base of operations namely, that constituted by the 

 body of non-combatants. This has to be so connected with the body 

 of combatants that its services may be fully available. Evidentlv, 

 therefore, development of the militant type involves a close binding of 

 the society. As the loose group of savages yields to the solid phalanx, 

 so, other things equal, must the society of which the parts are but 

 feebly held together yield to one in which they are held together by 

 strong bonds. 



But, in proportion as men are compelled to cooperate, their self- 

 prompted actions are restrained. By as much as the unit becomes 

 merged in the mass, by so much does he lose his individuality as a unit. 

 And this leads us to note the several ways in which evolution of the 

 militant type entails subordination of the citizen. 



His life is not his own, but is at the disposal of his society. So 

 long as he remains capable of bearing arms he has no alternative but 

 to fight when called upon ; and, where militancy is extreme, he can 

 not return as a vanquished man under penalty of death. 



Of course with this there goes possession of such liberty only as 

 military obligations allow. He is free to pursue his private ends only 

 when the society has no need of him ; and, when it has need of him, 

 his actions from hour to hour must conform, not to his own will, but 

 to the public will. 



So, too, with his property. Whether, as in many cases, what he 

 holds as private he so holds by permission only, or whether private 

 ownership is recognized, it remains true that in the last resort he is 

 obliged to surrender whatever is demanded for public use. 



Briefly, then, under the militant type the individual is OAvned by 

 the state. While preservation of the society is the primary end, pres- 

 ervation of each member is a secondary end an end cared for chiefly 

 as subserving the primary end. 



Fulfillment of these requirements, that there shall be complete 

 corporate action, that to this end the non-combatant part shall be 



