756 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



they can not habitually thrive and grow. Obviously, indeed, such 

 combinations, formed on the principle of voluntary cooperation, are 

 incongruous with the social type formed on the principle of compul- 

 sory cooperation. Hence the militant type is characterized by the 

 absence, or comparative rarity, of bodies of citizens associated for 

 commercial purposes, for propagating special religious views, for 

 achieving philanthroj^ic ends, etc. 



Private combinations of one kind, however, are congruous with the 

 militant type the combinations, namely, which are formed for minor 

 defensive or offensive purposes. We have, as examples, those which 

 constitute factions, very general in militant societies ; those which 

 assume forms like the primitive guilds, serving for mutual protection ; 

 and those which take the shape of secret societies. Of such bodies it 

 may be noted that they fulfill on a small scale ends like those which 

 the whole society fulfills on a large scale the ends of self-preserva- 

 tion, or aggression, or both. And it may be further noted that these 

 small included societies are organized on the same principle as the large 

 including society the principle of compulsory cooperation. Their 

 governments are coercive : in some cases even to the extent of killing 

 those of their members who are disobedient. 



A remaining fact to be noted is that a society of the militant type 

 tends to evolve a self-sufficient sustaining organization. With its po- 

 litical autonomy there goes what we may call an economic autonomy. 

 Evidently in proportion as it carries on frequent hostilities with sur- 

 rounding societies, its commercial intercourse with them must be hin- 

 dered or prevented : exchange of commodities can go on but to a 

 slight extent between those who are continually fighting. A militant 

 society must, therefoi'e, to the greatest degree practicable, j^rovide in- 

 ternally the supplies of all articles needful for carrying on the lives of 

 its members. Such an economic state as that which existed during 

 early feudal times, when, as in France, " the castles made almost all 

 the articles used in them," is a state evidently entailed on groups, 

 small or large, which are in constant antagonism with surrounding 

 groups. If there does not already exist, within any group so circum- 

 stanced, an agency for producing some necessary article, inability to 

 obtain it from without will lead to the establishment of an agency for 

 obtaining it within. 



Whence it follows that the desire " not to be dependent on for- 

 eigners " is one appropriate to the militant type of society. So long 

 as there is danger that the supplies of needful things derived from 

 other countries will be cut off by the breaking out of hostilities, it is 

 imperative that there shall be maintained a power of producing these 

 supplies at home, and that to this end the required structures shall be 

 maintained. Hence there is a manifest direct relation between mili- 

 tant activities and a protectionist policy. 



