THE MILITANT TYPE OF SOCIETY 



759 



might be able to enter freely " ; and these judges had to see that the 

 house, clothes, furniture, etc., were kept clean and in order, and the 

 children properly disciplined : those who mismanaged their houses be- 

 ing flogged. Subject to this regulation, the people labored to support 

 this elaborate state organization. The political, religious, and military 

 classes, throughout all their grades, were exempt from tribute, while 

 the laboring classes, when not serving in the army, had to yield up all 

 produce beyond that required for their bare sustenance. Of the whole 

 empire, one third w^as allotted for supporting the state, one third for 

 supporting the prisethood, who ministered to the manes of ancestors, 

 and the remaining thii-d liad to support the workers. Besides giving 

 tribute by tilling the lands of the sun and the king, the workers had 

 to till the lands of the soldiers on duty, as well as those of the incapa- 

 bles. And they had also to pay tribute of clothes, shoes, and arms. 

 Of the lands on which the people maintained themselves, the parts 

 were apportioned to each man according to the size of his family. 

 Similarly with the produce of the flocks. Such moiety of this in each 

 district as was not required for supplying public needs was periodi- 

 cally shorn, and the wool divided by ofiicials. These arrangements 

 were in pursuance of the principle that " the private property of each 

 man was held by favor of the Inca, and according to their laws he had 

 no other title to it/' Thus the people, completely possessed by the 

 state in person, property, and labor, transplanted to this or that local- 

 ity, as the Inca directed, and, when not serving in the army, living 

 under a discipline like that Avithin the army, were units in a central- 

 ized regimented machine, moved throughout life to the greatest prac- 

 ticable extent by the Inca's will, and to the least practicable extent by 

 their own wills. And, naturally, along with militant organization thus 

 carried to its ideal limit, there went an almost entire absence of any 

 other organization. They had no money ; " they neither sold clothes 

 nor houses nor estates " ; and trade was represented among them by 

 scarcely anything more than some bartering of articles of food. 



So far as accounts of it go, ancient Egypt presents us with phe- 

 nomena allied in their general if not in their special characters. Its 

 predominant militancy during its remotest unrecorded times is suf- 

 ficiently implied by the vast population of slaves who toiled to build 

 the pyramids ; and its subsequent continued militancy we are shown 

 alike by the boasting records of its kings, and the delineations of their 

 triumphs on its temple-walls. Along with this form of activity we 

 have, as before, the god-descended ruler, limited in his powers only 

 by the usages transmitted from his divine ancestors, who was at once 

 political head, high-priest, commander-in-chief, and supreme judge. 

 Under him was a centralized organization, of which the civil part was 

 arranged in classes and sub-classes as definite as were those of the mili- 

 tant part. Of the four great social divisions priests, soldiers, towns- 

 men, or traders, and common people, beneath whom came the slaves 



