762 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



AvLen embraced, or retire from public to private life, or dispose of his 

 23roperty, or travel into any foreign country, without tbe permission 

 of the Czar." This omnipresent rule is well expressed in the close of 

 certain rhymes, for which a military officer was sent to Siberia : 



"Tout se fait par ukase ici; 

 C'est par ukase que Ton voyage, 

 C'est par ukase que I'on rit." 



Taking thus the existing barbarous society of Dahomey, formed 

 of negroes ; the extinct semi-civilized empire of the Incas, whose sub- 

 jects were remote in blood from these ; the ancient Egyptian empire 

 peopled by yet other races ; the community of the Spartans, again 

 unlike in the type of its men ; and the existing Russian nation made 

 up of Slavs and Tartars we have before us cases in which such simi- 

 larities of social structure as exist can not be ascribed to inheritance of 

 a common character by the social units. The immense contrasts be- 

 tween the populations of these several societies, too, varying from 

 millions at the one extreme to thousands at the other, negative the 

 supposition that their common structural traits are consequent on size. 

 Nor can it be supposed that likenesses of conditions in respect of cli- 

 mate, surface, soil, flora, fauna, or likenesses of habits caused by such 

 conditions, can have had anything to do with the likenesses of organi- 

 zation in these societies ; for their respective habitats present numer- 

 ous marked unlikenesses. Such traits as they one and all exhibit, not 

 ascribable to any other cause, must thus be ascribed to the habitual 

 militancy characteristic of them all. The results of induction alone 

 would go far to warrant this ascription ; and it is fully warranted by 

 their correspondence Avith the results of deduction, as set forth above. 



Any remaining doubts must disappear on observing how continued 

 militancy is followed by further development of the militant organi- 

 zation. Three illustrations will suffice : 



"When, during Roman conquests, the tendency for the successful 

 general to become despot, repeatedly displayed, finally took effect 

 w^hen the title hnperator^ military in its primary meaning, became the 

 title for the civil ruler, showing us on a higher platform that genesis 

 of political headship out of military headship visible from the begin- 

 ning when, as usually happens, an increasingly-divine character was 

 acquired by the civil ruler, as shown in the assumption of the severed 

 name Augustus, as well as in the growth of an actual worship of him ; 

 there simultaneously became more pronounced those further traits 

 which characterise the militant type in its developed form. Practi- 

 cally, if not nominally, the other powers of the state were absorbed 

 by him. In the words of Duruy, he had 



the right of proposing, that is, of making, laws; of receiving and trying 

 appeals, i. e., the supreme jurisdiction; of arresting by the tribunitian veto 



