764 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 



possible expense, and Low to extract from their laborers the greatest 

 amount of work with the smallest quantity of food." 



An example under our immediate observation may next be taken 

 that of the German Empire. Such traits of the militant type in 

 Germany as were before manifest have, since the late war, become 

 still more manifest. The army, active and passive, including officers 

 and attached functionaries, has been increased by about one hundred 

 thousand men ; and changes in 1875 and 1880, making certain reserves 

 more available, have practically caused a further increase of like 

 amount. Moreover, the smaller German states, having in great part 

 surrendered the administration of their several contingents, the Ger- 

 man army has become more consolidated ; and even the armies of 

 Saxony, AVtlrtemberg, and Bavaria, being subject to imperial super- 

 vision, have in so far ceased to be independent. Instead of each year 

 granting military supplies, as had been the practice in Prussia before 

 the formation of the North-German Confederation, the Parliament of 

 the empire was, in 1871, induced to vote the required annual sum for 

 three years thereafter ; in 1874 it did the like for the succeeding seven 

 years ; and again in 1880 the greatly increased amount for the aug- 

 mented army was authorized for the seven years following steps 

 obviously surrendering popular checks on imperial power. Simultane- 

 ously, military officialism has been in two ways replacing civil official- 

 ism. Subaltern officers are rewarded for long services by appoint- 

 ments to civil posts local communes being forced to give them the 

 preference to civilians ; and not a few members of the higher civil 

 service, and of the universities, as well as teachers in the public 

 schools, having served as " volunteers of one year," become commis- 

 sioned officers of the Landwehr. During the stuggles of the so-called 

 Kulturkampf, the ecclesiastical organization became more subordinated 

 by the political. Priests suspended by bishops were maintained in 

 their offices ; it was made penal for a clergyman publicly to take part 

 against the government ; a recalcitrant bishop had his salary stopped ; 

 the curriculum for ecclesiastics was prescribed by the state, and ex- 

 amination by state officials required ; church discipline was subjected 

 to state approval ; and a power of expelling rebellious clergy from the 

 country was established. Passing to the industrial activities we may 

 note first, that through sundry steps, from 1873 onward, there has 

 been a progressive transfer of railways into the hands of the state ; 

 so that, partly by original construction (mainly of lines for military 

 purposes), and partly by purchase, three fourths of all Prussian rail- 

 ways have been made government property ; and the same percentage 

 holds in the other German states : the aim being eventually to make 

 them all imperial. Trade interferences have been extended in various 

 ways by protectionist tariffs, by revival of the usury laws, by restric- 

 tions on Sunday labor. Through its postal service the state has as- 

 sumed industrial functions presents acceptances, receives money on 



