THE MILITANT TYPE OF SOCIETY. 765 



bills of exchange that are due, as also on ordinary bills, which it gets 

 receipted ; and, until stopped by shopkeepers' protests, undertook to 

 procure books from publishers. Lastly there come the measures for 

 extending, directly and indirectly, the control over popular life. On 

 the one hand, there are the laws under which, up to the middle of last 

 year, two hundred and twenty-four socialist societies have been closed, 

 one hundred and eighty periodicals suppressed, three hundred and 

 seventeen books, etc., forbidden, and under which sundry places have 

 been reduced to a partial state of siege. On the other hand, may be 

 named Prince Bismarck's scheme for reestablishing guilds (bodies 

 which by their regulations coerce their members), and his scheme of 

 state insurance, by the help of which the artisan would in a consider- 

 able degree have his hands tied. Though these measures have not 

 been carried in the forms proposed, yet the proposal of them suffi- 

 ciently shows the general tendency. In all which changes we see 

 progress toward a more integrated structure, toward increase of the 

 militant part as compared with* the industrial part, toward the replac- 

 ing of civil organization by military organization, toward the strength - 

 eninsc of restraints over the individual and reo^ulation of his life in 

 greater detail. 



The remaining example to be named is that furnished by our own 

 society since the revival of military activity a revival which has of 

 late been so marked that our illustrated papers ar6, week after week, 

 occupied with little else than scenes of warfare. Already in the first 

 volume of " The Principles of Sociology," I have pointed out many 

 ways in which the system of compulsory cooperation characterizing 

 the militant type has been trenching on the system of voluntary co- 

 operation characterizing the industrial type ; and, since those passages 

 appeared (July, 1876), other changes in the same direction have 

 taken place. Within the military organization itself, we may note 

 the increasing assimilation of the volunteer forces to the regular 

 army, now going to the extent of a movement for making them avail- 

 able abroad, so that, instead of defensive action for which they were 

 created, they can be used for offensive action ; and we may also note 

 that the tendency shown in the army during a past generation to sink 

 the military character whenever possible, by putting on civilian dresses, 

 is now checked by an order to officers in garrison towns to wear their 

 uniforms when off duty, as they do in more militant countries. Wheth- 

 er, since the date named, usurpations of civil functions by military 

 men (which had in 1873-'74 gone to the extent that there were ninety- 

 seven colonels, majors, captains, and lieutenants employed from time 

 to time as inspectors of science and art classes) have gone further I 

 can not say ; but there has been a manifest extension of the military 

 spirit and discipline among the police, with the effect that, wearing 

 helmet-shaped hats, beginning to carry revolvers, and looking on them- 

 selves as half soldiers, they have come to speak of the people as " civil- 



