766 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



ians," and in some cases exercise over " civilians " an inspection of a 

 military kind ; as instance the chief of the Birmingham police, Major 

 Bond, whose subalterns track home men who are unsteady from drink* 

 but quiet, and prosecute them next morning ; or as instance the regu- 

 lation by policemen's commands of the conflicting streams of vehicles 

 in the London streets. To an increasing extent the executive has been 

 overriding the other governmental agencies ; as in the Cyprus busi- 

 ness, and as in the doings of the Indian Viceroy under secret instruc- 

 tions from home. In various minor ways are shown endeavors to free 

 ofiicialism from popular checks ; as in the desire expressed in the 

 House of Lords that the hanging of convicts in prisons, intrusted en- 

 tirely to the authorities, should have no other witnesses ; and as in the 

 advice given by the late Home Secretary (on May 11, 1878) to the 

 Derby town council, that it should not interfere with the chief con- 

 stable (a military man) in his government of the force under him a 

 step toward centralizing local police control in the home oflice. Simul- 

 taneously we see various actual or prospective extensions of public 

 agency, replacing or restraining private agency. There is the " en- 

 dowment of research," which, already partially carried out by a gov- 

 ernment fund, many wish to carry further ; there is the proposed act 

 for establishing a registration of authorized teachers ; there is the bill 

 which provides central inspection for local public libraries ; there is 

 the scheme for compulsory insurance a scheme showing us in an 

 instructive manner the way in which the regulating policy extends 

 itself : compulsory charity having generated improvidence, there comes 

 compulsory insurance as a remedy for the improvidence. Other pro- 

 clivities toward institutions belonging to the militant type are seen in 

 the increasing demand for some form of protection, and in the lamen- 

 tations uttered by the " society papers " that dueling has gone out. 

 Nay, even through the party which by position and function is antag- 

 onistic to militancy, we see that militant discipline is spreading ; for 

 the caucus-system, established for the better organization of liberalism, 

 is one which necessarily, in a greater or less degree, centralizes author- 

 ity and controls individual action. 



Besides seeing, then, that the traits to be inferred a ^jriori as char- 

 acterizing the militant type constantly exist in societies which are 

 permanently militant in high degrees, we also see that in other socie- 

 ties increase of militant activity is followed by development of such 

 traits. 



In some places I have stated, and in other places implied, that a 

 necessary relation exists between the structure of a society and the 

 natures of its citizens. Here it will be well to observe in detail the 

 characters proper to, and habitually exemplified by, the members of a 

 typically militant society. 



Other things equal, a society will be successful in war in propor- 



