772 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



cal cause arise and develop. Consequently, by discouraging industrial 

 progress, militancy checks the replacing of ideas of personal agency 

 by ideas of impersonal agency. In the second place, it does the like 

 by direct rej^ression of intellectual culture. Naturally a life occupied 

 in acquiring knowledge, like a life occupied in industry, is regarded 

 "with contempt by a people devoted to vrar. The Spartans clearly 

 exemplified this relation in ancient times ; and it was again exempli- 

 fied during feudal ages in Europe, when learning was scorned as proper 

 only for clerks and the children of mean people. And obviously, in 

 proportion as warlike activities are antagonistic to the advance of 

 science, they further retard that emancipation from primitive ideas 

 which ends in recognition of natural uniformities. In the third place, 

 and chiefly, the effect in question is produced by the consj^icuous and 

 perpetual experience of personal agency which the militant regime- 

 yields. In the army, from the commander-in-chief down to the pri- 

 vate undergoing drill, every movement is directed by a superior ; and, 

 throughout the society, in proportion as its regimentation is elaborate, 

 things are hourly seen to go thus or thus, according to the regulating 

 wills of the ruler and his subordinates. In the interpretation of social 

 affairs, personal causation is consequently alone recognized. History 

 comes to be made up of the doings of remarkable men ; and it is 

 tacitly assumed that societies have been formed by them. Wholly 

 foreign to the habit of mind as is the thought of impersonal causation, 

 the course of social evolution is unperceived. The natural genesis of 

 social structures and functions is an utterly alien conception, and 

 appears absurd when alleged. The notion of a self-regulating social 

 process is unintelligible. So that militancy molds the citizen into a 

 form not only morally adapted, but intellectually adapted a form 

 which can not think away from the entailed system. 



In three ways, then, we are shown the character of the militant 

 type of political organization. Observe the congruities which com- 

 parison of results discloses. 



Certain conditions, manifest a p7iori, have to be fulfilled by a 

 society fitted for 23reserving itself in presence of antagonist societies. 

 To be in the highest degree efficient, the corporate action needed for 

 preserving the corporate life must be joined in by every one. Other 

 things equal, the fighting power will be greatest where those who can 

 not fight labor exclusively to support and help those who can : an 

 evident implication being that the working part shall be no larger 

 than is required for these ends. The efforts of all being utilized di- 

 rectly or indirectly for war, will be most effectual when they are most 

 combined ; and, besides union among the combatants, there must be 

 such union of the non-combatants with them as renders the aid of 

 these fully and promptly available. To satisfy these requirements, 

 the life, the actions, and the possessions of each individual must be 



