HOW THE EARTH WAS PEOPLED. 755 



climate throughout Europe, in which man would have found conditions 

 most favorable to his development. When, however, we undertake 

 to establish his existence thei*e, we have in evidence only a deposit of 

 sandstone mixed with silicious pebbles, partly disaggregated, which 

 have been submitted to subsequent erosions and atmospheric influences 

 that sufficiently explain the numerous fragments scattered over the 

 ground from which those believed to have been intentionally cut have 

 been sifted after a long search. M. Cazalis de Fondouce, who was a 

 member of the Prehistoric Congress at Lisbon in 1880 a man of ac- 

 knowledged competence in such matters visited the miocene beds of 

 Monte Redondo, and justifies his reservation of opinion on the charac- 

 ter of the very few flints which it is possible to assimilate with those 

 of the Moustier period, by reference to the denudations and disturb- 

 ances the beds have suffered. It is not impossible that the stones 

 were cut by man. One of them appears to have been taken from a 

 bed that had not been disturbed ; but, if this is admitted, is it not 

 better to wait, than to attempt to solve so great a problem at once and 

 without direct proof ? M. de Mortillet is himself wise enough not to 

 affirm directly anything but the authenticity of the instruments. He 

 adds that their small size leads him to believe that the beings that 

 made them, if of proportionate dimensions, were not and could not 

 have been real men. The doubt which he admits respecting the crea- 

 tures whose intervention he invokes, we extend to the instruments, and 

 wait for the results of future discoveries to resolve it. 



Acceptation of these relics as evidences of a tertiary man is made 

 more difficult by the bright light of the following period, which M. 

 de Mortillet calls " Chellean," from the station of Chelles, near Paris, 

 which he regards as typical of it. Man reveals himself in this epoch 

 with an evident industry primitive, for it presents only a single cate- 

 gory of instruments, which are, however, so clearly characterized by 

 their form and size that the most prejudiced mind could not fail to 

 recognize them at once as belonging to the same race. The deposit 

 of Chelles is even more characteristic than that of St. Acheul, where 

 similar instruments have been found in so great numbers. The Ele- 

 jihas antiquus of Falconer, the probable ancestor of the Indian ele- 

 phant, and the predecessor of the mammoth in Eurcme, is found 

 exclusively at Chelles, associated with human implements, while at 

 St. Acheul the mammoth is more frequently found, although the other 

 species is not absent. Thus, Chellean man saw two species of elephants 

 merge one into the other. Probably, also, the climate changed insen- 

 sibly and became colder, without disturbance to his habits or his in- 

 dustry. In the long run, however, the action of the physiological 

 and biological events of which Europe became the theatre had an in- 

 fluence on quaternary man ; and the Chellean race, passing into that 

 of Moustier, gradually changed its habits, while it learned to fashion 

 other instruments. There need have been nothing abrupt in this evo- 



