HOW THE EARTH WAS PEOPLED. 7S7 



Chellean epoch. They belong to the race which MM. do Quatrefages 

 and Hamy have determined, from purely anatomical considerations, as 

 the Canstadt race, after the skull found at that place associated with 

 elephants' bones in 1700. This skull, the Eguisheim skull (near Col- 

 mar), the fragments from Denise, the Neanderthal skull, and the la 

 N'oulette jawbone, are all that we have of it, and they are, it must be 

 acknowledged, very little. They are enough, however, to give the clew 

 to its general features, and to show its inferiority to the Bushmen and 

 Australians, more marked, according to M. de Mortillet, than the dif- 

 ferences between those races and the Europeans. M. de Mortillet 

 believes that the Neanderthal man was violent and pugnacious, and 

 goes so far as to deny him articulate speech. But we can not indulge 

 in such bold conjectures on so little evidence. We know nothing 

 more of the primitive European man, or of his fate. His simultaneous 

 extension over so large a number of points gives occasion for the 

 thought that originally, at least, he represented, not a particular race, 

 but the common stock, in which modifications were destined to be 

 made according as it became localized and specialized under the influ- 

 ence of the extremely varied conditions of the medium in which it 

 found itself at different places. The Neanderthal man was, then, the 

 original of what has followed. Advancing toward the south, he has 

 peopled the earth, and been divided into local races and tribes. The 

 Moustier epoch illustrates in Europe the stage following the first one ; 

 and the periods following that of Moustier, which M. de Mortillet has 

 named Solutrean andMagdalenean, from the typical stations at Solutre 

 and la Madeleine, correspond with the times when man, having local- 

 ized himself, underwent gradual transformations, assuming in differ- 

 ent respects the specific characteristics that distinguish those races, de- 

 veloping aptitudes as diverse as the places in which he fixed himself, 

 and stopping at unequal and successive steps of the ladder which he 

 was destined to climb, but which was to lead him to the full exercise 

 of his noblest faculties only on condition of his reaching its highest 

 rounds. 



The Solutrean age was only one of rapid transition to the Magda- 

 lenean, and appears to have represented a local rather than a secular 

 development. Both ages are the expression of the increasing cold 

 of the glacial period, during which the huge pachyderms gradually 

 disappeared under the growing rigor of the climate, and the reindeer 

 and horse multiplied to take their places. The reindeer came down 

 to occupy Central Europe, without reaching the southern regions, in 

 numerous varieties, all of which, however, were allied to the exist- 

 ing reindeers of Lapland. Of the horse, at least twenty thousand, 

 possibly forty thousand skeletons, have been found at Solutre\ 

 Neither of these animals was then domesticated, and the dog was still 

 unknown. Man secured animals by hunting, either killing them on 

 the spot or binding them to take home. The mammoth had become a 



