8oo THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



not the case, for the poor but industrious German and Irish popula- 

 tions have saved much of this extravagant waste, and, by their cheaper 

 labor, almost the whole of these substances has been converted to 

 profitable use. Even now a great deal of the ox is disused, which in 

 Europe is esteemed most nutritious food. 



There is an important industry which has sprung up out of animal 

 waste, in the utilization of purified tallow and other fats for food and 

 domestic purposes. It was originated in France in 1869 by M. Mege, 

 and was intended for the manufacture of artificial butter from fat, by 

 extracting the oil at a low temperature, and converting this, by churn- 

 ing, into butter. It was first known as oleomargarine, then as mar- 

 garine, and latterly as butterine. The manufacture of this product 

 has spread extensively, and it is carried on in the United States on a 

 very large scale. As a London trade journal observed, a few weeks 

 ago, " It is to be regretted that shopkeepers do not see their way to 

 offer it to the public under its proper name, a proceeding which would 

 be not only more honest, but which would ultimately tend to the more 

 general adoption of butterine as an article of daily consumption." 



From statistics prepared by Mr. Nimmo, of the United States 

 Department of Agriculture, it appears that more than one third of the 

 American exports of butter are sworn to be oleomargarine. Now, as 

 we receive over 8,700 tons of so-called butter from North America, it 

 is not pleasant to know that one third of this is the artificial butter- 

 ine. Not only is margarine thus used, but, under the name of sueine, 

 much lard is now introduced into the butter. 



In the utilizing of inferior or waste materials, and in the separat- 

 ing of tallow from the substances with which it is found in combina- 

 tion, machines are employed which are both ingenious and effective, 

 and by their use much material that would otherwise be worse than 

 useless is turned to good account. 



In Europe, rabbits are not a waste substance, but are eagerly sought 

 for as food, and even bred in large numbers ; but their introduction 

 into Australia and New Zealand has proved an unmitigated evil to the 

 colonists. About twenty years ago there was not a single rabbit in 

 Australia, save, perhaps, a few domesticated pets. Since their intro- 

 duction they have become a perfect pest, and the difficulty is to 

 exterminate and keep them down by poison, dogs, etc. 



From New Zealand alone 8,500,000 rabbit-skins were exported in 

 1880, but this does not probably represent one tenth part of the ani- 

 mals actually destroyed. In that climate the rabbit breeds nearly 

 every month in the year. But even supposing that a pair of rabbits 

 do not breed oftener than in England, which is seven times a year, 

 and that they only bring eight young at a time, they would multiply 

 in the course of four years to 1,250,000. Besides the skins shipped to 

 England and America, the colonists are trying to send us rabbits' flesh 

 in tins. Rabbit-skins are in demand by the furrier. About 30,000,000 



