NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 171 



Eudyptes demersa ; but the liability to confusion renders this 

 inexpedient. 



IT 68. Pennant, Phil. Trans, lviii. p. 91, pi. 5. Gives an "Ac- 

 count of the different species of the Birds called Penguins," and 

 among other things characterizes the smaller of the two species 

 of Aptenodytes, subsequently called longirostris by Scopoli, and 

 later named pennantii by Gray. 



1177. Scopoli. I have not the work at hand, but, as well as 

 I can gather from other sources, Sonnerat's penguins are named 

 as follows: Manchot de la Nouvelle Guinee, Sonn. Voy. 180, pi. 

 113 = Aptenodytes longirostris, Scop, (a name that appears to hold 

 good, antedating pennantii of Gra}'). Manchot papou, Sonn. 181, 

 pi. 115 = Aptenodytes papua, Scop. Manchot a collier de la Nou- 

 velle Guinee, Sonn. 181, pi. 114 = Aptenodytes platyrhyncha, Scop. 

 The last is Spheniscus demersus, ya.r. magellanicus; the others 

 are valid new species. 



1781. Forster, Comm. Soc. Beg. Sc. Gotting. iii. 121. "His- 

 toria Aptenodytre generis avium orbi australi proprii." This 

 article stands facile princeps among the writings upon this 

 subject of the last century. It not only marks a great advance 

 upon previous knowledge of the family, but is more satisfac- 

 tory in every respect than anything that followed for a long 

 period ; in fact, it is the real beginning of the exact literature. 

 Placing all the species in the genus Aptenodytes, the author 

 divides them into the Gristatae, containing one species, and the 

 Alophee, with eight species. His crested species is chrysocome, 

 n. s. ; and I agree with Dr. Schlegel that this is not the same bird 

 as Forster's catarractes. However his figure may strike us, and 

 however we may interpret his language, Forster certainly meant 

 to indicate two different species ; and accordingly we cannot rele- 

 gate chrysocome to catarractes, as Gray has done. Forster's 

 crestless species are : A. patachonica, n. s., the first recognizable 

 description of the species Gray subsequently called forsteri; A. 

 papna, Scop.; A. antarctica, n. s.; A. magellanicus, n. s., but the 

 collared variety of demersus, and the same as the Manchot du 

 Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buff., PI. Eulum. 382 ; A. demersus 

 (= Biomedea demersa, L.) ; A. catarractes (= Phaeton demersus, 

 L.) ; A. torquata, n. s., but a variety of demersus, the same as A. 

 platyrhyncha, Scop. ; and A. minor, n. s. Thus, of Forster's nine 

 species, six are here named for the first time ; seven are valid ; and 



