i895 OBITUARY. 285 



earlier researches were carried out. Although a formal station under 

 the care of the Academy was not opened till 1877, still work had been 

 carried on at this place almost continuously since 1835, so that 

 Kristineberg may claim to be the oldest such station in the world. 

 I hope to give, in an early number of Natural Science, a detailed 

 account of the Swedish station, with full illustrations. For the present 

 it need only be said that this laboratory was under the direction of 

 Loven until his retirement from the Museum, and that he never ceased 

 to give it his most affectionate care. 



In the wider questions of education, Loven also took a lively 

 interest. From 1857 to 1878 he was on the committee of the Nya 

 Elementar Skola (Grammar School) in Stockholm, as its chairman for 

 the last seven of those years. In this position, and also in connection 

 with Stockholm's Hogskola (University) he fought with ardour for ener- 

 getic reforms, especially in the direction of what we call a modern as 

 opposed to a classical training, and for the extension of a sound 

 teaching of natural science. That his efforts reached yet wider circles 

 might be inferred by those who visited the exhibition of educational 

 appliances that was held in Stockholm last August in connection with 

 the Congress of the School-teachers of Scandinavia. 



In these and in the other public positions which he occupied, 

 Loven was always prominent. Another who knew him well writes : — 

 " In the Academy his communications were always listened to with 

 the deepest attention. His words and opinion were often decisive for 

 its concerns. He Avas one of its most influential personalities." 



In connection with his scientific researches Loven travelled 

 much, visiting amongst other countries Germany, France, and 

 England. But the only journey to which we need here refer is that 

 which he made through Finmark in 1836-7; for it was at the close of 

 this, in August, 1837, ^^^^ he went on a walrus-steamer to Spitz- 

 bergen, Isfjord, Crossbay, and Kingsbay, and thus inaugurated the 

 honourable succession of Swedish arctic expeditions. 



So far we have dealt with the relations of Loven to the develop- 

 ment of science in his native country. But he was something more 

 than a great Swede : he was a great man of science. We may con- 

 sider very shortly the leading lines of his zoological work. 



His researches on the marine fauna of Bohuslan, to which 

 reference has already been made, gave rise in 1835 to the valuable 

 paper on Campanulavia and Syncoryne, that on the entomostracan 

 Evadne nordmanni, and others. His observations opened many new 

 fields. On the one hand, they served largely as a foundation for 

 Steenstrup's celebrated work on the alternation of generations ; on 

 the other, they led Loven himself to the further investigation of the 

 molluscan fauna in the Scandinavian region of the North Sea. This 

 study occupied him from 1838 to i860, and his papers on the 

 geographical distribution of the northern Mollusca, on their develop- 

 ment, on their lingual armature, and on cognate questions, show how 



