308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, 



by wild birds. While the remaining one was refused by three species 

 of birds and disregarded by others, it also is eaten by wild birds. 



Table IV presents the results for " bright-colored or conspicuous 

 insects other than larvae." It deals with fifteen forms, four of which 

 are not shown to be distasteful to any animal; two are included on 

 the basis of disregard only, and four were accepted and refused by 

 the same class of enemies. One of the remaining five, i.e., Anthro- 

 cera filipendula, imago, refused by lizards in these experiments, was 

 eaten by lizards in the 1887 experiments (I.e.). Concerning another 

 insect of this group, namely, Abraxas grossulariata , Poulton notes 

 (p. 220) his opinion that Butler's record of frogs eating the moth 

 must be a mistake. It is noteworthy, however, that he uses others 

 of Butler's records without question. Butler later affirmed the 

 correctness of his note, and showed that the same insect is taken by 

 some birds. 



Tables I-IV deal with forty-four insects, nine, or 17 per cent., of 

 which are not shown to be distasteful to any animal; another nine 

 were both accepted and rejected by the same classof enemies. Eighteen 

 were either disregarded or rejected by birds, and at least nine of 

 these are known to be eaten by wild British birds. We have pointed 

 out above inconsistencies of some of the other cases with other 

 experiments. In fact, as may be seen on p. 313, in seven out of eight 

 possible direct comparisons of these experiments with those of 

 Pocock, the only other extensive series using British insects, the 

 results are inconsistent. 



Eight of the insects of the distasteful groups in these tabulations 

 were fed to hungry lizards, in experiments performed by Poulton 

 in 1887, 55 and all were accepted. The behavior of the lizards in the 

 cases reported contrasts. strongly with that shown in the previous 

 experiments as shown in the following table of comparisons. 



Birds: 1886. 1887. 



Orgyia antiqua, larva D A 



Vanessa urticce, pupa R A 



Lizards : 



Euchelia jacobw, 1 A 2 R4 D A 



Pygcera bucephala, 1 A3 R3 D A 



Porthesia auriflua, 1 R2 A 



Anthrocer a filipendula, ad R A 



Abraxas grossulariata, 1 Al R7 D2 A 



" Further Experiments upon the Protective Value of Color and Markings 

 in Insects," Rep. British A. A.S., 1887 (1888), pp. 763-765. These experiments, 

 dealing with frogs, lizards, and a marmoset, and including a few of A. G. Butler's 

 notes on birds, are not reported in full. Hence they are not reviewed. 



