1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 353 



Bibliography of Other Experiments in America. 



An annotated bibliography will sufficiently illustrate the character 

 of other American experiments upon the food of birds. Few of 

 them have any special reference to the efficiency of protective 

 adaptations. The bibliography does not include citations to papers 

 on aviculture nor on the winter feeding of birds. These are very 

 numerous and their only merit from our present standpoint is that 

 they afford much proof, if proof of the obvious were needed, that 

 birds, both free and confined, will readily accept foods with which 

 their species has never had experience under natural conditions. 



Bolles, Frank. Young Sapsuckers in Captivity. Auk, IX, No. 2,. 



April, 1892, pp. 109-119. 

 Proof that they can live a long time on a diet of syrup with very 



few insects. 

 Carpenter, F. H. Screech Owls Breeding in Confinement. Ornith.. 



and Oologist, 8, No. 12, December, 1883, pp. 93, 94. 

 "I fed them exclusively on frogs They seemed to prefer 



them to any other food, which led me to believe that they 



constituted no mean portion of their regular fare when at 



liberty." 

 This inference is not supported by the results of stomach examina- 

 tions. Dr. Fisher found frogs in only two out of a total of 255 



stomachs examined (Bui. 3, U. S. Biological Survey, 1893, pp. 



169-173). 

 Collins, C. W. Some Results from Feeding Eggs of Porthetria 



dispar to Birds. Journ. Economic Ent., 3, No. 4, August, 1910, ■ 



pp. 343-346. 

 Some English sparrows and a pigeon were tested. In all cases 



it was necessary to force the birds to eat the eggs. Eggs in 



dough fed to English sparrow were mostly rejected. 

 Collins, J. W., et al. [Food of Young Ruffed Grouse.] Rep. 



Comm. Inland Fisheries and Game, Mass., 1900 (1901), p. 43. 

 Some young ruffed grouse which had been fed on maggots, lettuce,. 



and young clover were given grain, and as a result died. Were 



they also given gravel? 

 F. G. The Pine Grosbeak in Confinement. Ornith. and Oologist, 



9, No. 4, April, 1884, p. 41. 

 Fond of corn meal and milk, apple seeds, beechnuts, and buds 



and seeds of pine and spruce. 

 Forbush, E. H. [Food consumed by two young crows.] Useful 



Birds and Their Protection. Mass. Bd. Agr., Boston [1907], 



pp. 45-48. 

 Chiefly concerns the quantity of food. Toads, frogs, and sala- 

 manders, often stated to be "distasteful," were eaten. 

 Forbush, E. H., and Fernald, C. H. The Gypsy Moth, Porthetria. 



dispar (Linn.). Mass. State Bd. Agr., 1896. 



