34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., 



extent, marketed among the white people in trade. In visiting the 

 regular Gosiute encampments during the pine-nut season one may feel 

 ■certain to find them in great part deserted. The method of obtaining 

 the nuts is to gather the cones and partially to burn them in a fire. In 

 this process the nuts are roasted. The nuts are next beaten out of 

 the cones. If further roasting be found necessary, it is carried out by 

 placing the nuts in ovens. The roasted nuts were eaten directly with 

 or without shells or they might be ground up in the mill into a meal. 

 Formerly the nuts, after roasting, were placed in specially made, tall, 

 sack-like baskets in which they were kept in pits or cellars. 



The acorns (ku'-ni-ro-iimp) of the Rocky Mountain or scrub-oak 

 (Quercus undulata, var.), ku'-ni-up, found over portions of this regions, 

 were used as food in season, but they are said not to have been pre- 

 served for winter use. They were by no means of the high use to the 

 Gosiutes that the fruit of some oaks are to other tribes, such as those 

 of California. 



Of succulent fruits that of the service-berry (Amelanchier alnifolia), 

 ti'-um-pi, was probably most important. Not only did it furnish food 

 in season, but it was preserved in large quantities for winter use. 

 For preservation the berries were mashed up, spread out in layers, 

 exposed to the sun and allowed to dry thoroughly. The dried fruit 

 was then placed in pits lined with grass. Immediately over the top 

 of the fruit was placed a layer of the leaves of the sage-brush, the whole 

 being overlaid with cedar bark and covered finally with earth. For 

 use in the winter the dried material was broken up in the mill and then 

 boiled either with or without some kind of meat. To this was often 

 added a portion of certain seed meals said much to improve the flavor 

 and general palatability. The native currants (general name, po'-go- 

 nup) were gathered and preserved in the same way as the service- 

 berries. Among these currants were the black or Missouri currant 

 Ribes aureum, kai'-i-ump, Ribes divaricatum, wi'-sa-po-gihnp, and 

 Ribes leptanthum and lacustre, ai'-go-po-gump. The fruit of the wild 

 cherry or western choke-cherry (Prunus demissa) was similarly used 

 and preserved. The fruit of the raspberry (Rubus leucodermis) , 

 tu'-kwun-dau-wi-a or tu'-kwun-da-mi, and of the strawberry (Fragaria 

 vesca), dn'-ka-pa-ri-ump, were sought and used in season, but no 

 effort was made to preserve them for later use. The berries of the rose 

 (Rosa calif ornica) , tsi'-ump, were also among the foods. 



A number of plants furnished the Gosiutes materials for smoking. 

 Most highly prized among these was the native tobacco plant (Nico- 

 tiana attenuata), pu'-i-ba-u, a plant growing in dry places to a height 



