346 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



taken up. "We have," he said, "as good evidence as can possibly be ob- 

 tained on such subjects that the same elements have entered into the 

 composition of the population in England, Scotland and Ireland; and 

 that the ethnic differences between the three lie simply in the general 

 and local proportions of these elements in each region. . . . The 

 population of Cornwall and Devon has as much claim to the title of 

 Celtic as that of Tipperary. . . . Undoubtedly there are four geo- 

 graphical regions, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, and the peo- 

 ple who live in them call themselves and are called by others the Eng- 

 lish, Scotch, Welsh and Irish nations. It is also true that the inhabi- 

 tants of the Isle of Man call themselves Manxmen, and are just as proud 

 of their nationality as any other 'nationalities.' 



"But if we mean no more than this by 'nationality,' the term has no 

 practical significance" ('The Races of the British Isles,' pp. 44, 45). 



Surely it would be very desirable, especially when political argu- 

 ments are based on the term, that we should come to some understand- 

 ing as to what is meant by the word 'nation.' The English, Scotch and 

 Irish live under one Flag, one Queen and one Parliament. If they are 

 not one nation, what are they? What term are we to use, and some term 

 is obviously required, to express and combine all three. For my part I 

 submit that the correct terminology is to speak of Celtic race or Teu- 

 tonic race, of the Irish people or the Scotch people; but that the people 

 of England, Scotland and Ireland, aye, and of the Colonies also, con- 

 stitute one great nation. 



As regards the races which have combined to form the nation, Hux- 

 ley's view was that in Roman times the population of Britain comprised 

 people of two types, the one fair, the other dark. The dark people re- 

 sembled the Aquitani and the Iberians; the fair people were like the 

 Belgic Gauls ('Essays,' V., vii., p. 254). And he adds that "the only con- 

 stituent stocks of that population, now, or at any other period about 

 which we have evidence, are the dark whites, whom I have proposed to 

 call 'Melanochroi,' and the fair whites or 'Xanthochroi.' " 



He concludes (1) "That the Melanochroi and the Xanthochroi are 

 two separate races in the biological sense of the word race; (2) that they 

 have had the same general distribution as at present from the earliest 

 times of which any record exists on the continent of Europe; (3) that 

 the population of the British Islands is derived from them, and from 

 them only." 



It will, however, be observed that we have (1) a dark race and a fair 

 race; (2) a large race and a small race; and (3) a round-headed race and a 

 long-headed race. But some of the fair race were large, some small; 

 some have round heads, some long heads; some of the dark race again 

 had long heads, some round ones. In fact, the question seems to me 



