MALPIGHI, SWAMMERDAM, LEEUWEXHOEK. 565 



Here his fame was in the ascendant, notwithstanding the machina- 

 tions of his enemies and detractors, led by Sbaraglia. He was soon 

 (1662) called to Messina to follow the famous Castelli. After a resi- 

 dence there of four years he again returned to Bologna. He retired to 

 a villa near the city, and devoted himself to anatomical studies. 



Malpighi's talents were appreciated even at home. The University 

 of Bologna honored him Id 1686 with a Latin eulogium, the city erected 

 a monument to his memory, and after his death, in the city of Eome, 

 his body was brought to Bologna and interred with great pomp and 

 ceremony. He also received recognition from abroad, but that is less 

 remarkable. In 1668 he was elected an honorary member of the Royal 

 Society of London. He was very sensible of this honor; he kept in 

 communication with the society; he presented them with his portrait, 

 and deposited in their archives the original drawings illustrating the 

 development of the chick. 



In 1691 he was taken to Rome by the newly elected Pope, Innocent 

 XII, as his personal physician, but under these new conditions he was 

 not destined to live many years. He died there, in 1694, of apoplexy. 

 His wife, of whom it appears that he was very fond, had died a short 

 time previously. Among his posthumous works is a sort of personal 

 psychology written down to the year 1691, in which he shows the 

 growth of his mind and the way in which he came to take up the 

 different subjects of investigation. 



In reference to his discoveries and the position he occupies in the 

 history of natural science, it should be observed that he deserves the 

 title of an 'original as well as a very profound observer.' While the 

 ideas of anatomy were still vague 'he applied himself with ardor and 

 sagacity to the study of the fine structure of the different parts of the 

 body'; he extended his studies to the structure of plants and different 

 animals, and a]so to development. Entering as he did, a new and un- 

 explored territory, he, of course, made many discoveries, but no man 

 of mean talents could have done his work. He used every method at 

 his command for investigating the structure of tissues and animal 

 forms — macerating, boiling, injections of ink and colored fluids, and 

 also applied the microscope to the discovery of tissues. 



During forty years of his life he was always busy with research. 

 Many of his discoveries had practical bearing on the advance of anatomy 

 and physiology as related to medicine. In 1661 he demonstrated the 

 structure of the lungs. Previously these organs had been regarded as 

 a sort of homogeneous parenchyma. He showed the presence of air- 

 cells, and had a tolerably correct idea of how the air and blood are 

 brought together in the lungs, the two never actuallv in contact, but 

 always separated by a membrane. These discoveries were first made 

 on the frog, and applied by analogy to the interpretation of the lungs 



