112 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



If the aerial consists of a stranded wire formed of 7/22 and has a 

 length of 150 feet, and is insulated and held vertically with its lower 

 end near the earth, it would have a capacity of about one three ten- 

 thousandths of a microfarad or 0.0003 mfd.* Hence if it is used as 

 a Marconi aerial and operated with a spark gap of one centimeter in 

 length, the energy stored up in the wire before each discharge would 

 be only one tenth (0,1) of a foot-pound. 



By no means can all of this energy be radiated as Hertzian waves; 

 part of it is dissipated as heat and light in the spark, and yet such an 

 aerial can, with a sensitive receiver such as that devised by Mr. Mar- 

 coni, make itself felt for a hundred miles over sea in every direction. 

 This fact gives us an idea of the extremely small energy which, when 

 properly imparted to the ether, can effect wireless telegraphy over 

 immense distances. Of course, the minimum telegraphic signal, say 

 the Morse dot, may involve a good many, perhaps half a dozen, dis- 

 charges of the wire, but even then the amount of energy concerned in 

 affecting the receiver at the distant place is exceedingly small. 



The problem, therefore, of long distance telegraphy by Hertzian 

 waves is largely, though not entirely, a matter of associating sufficient 

 energy with the aerial wire or radiator. There are obviously two 

 things which may be done; first, we may increase the capacity of the 

 aerial, and secondly, we may increase the charging voltage or, in 

 other words, lengthen the spark gap. There is, however, a well- 

 defined limit to this last achievement. If we lengthen the spark gap 

 too much, its resistance becomes too great and the spark ceases to be 

 oscillatory. We can make a discharge, but we obtain no radiation. 

 When using an induction coil, about a centimeter or at most a centi- 

 meter and a half is the limiting length of oscillatory sparks; in other 

 words, our available potential difference is restricted to 30,000 or 

 40,000 volts. By other appliances we can, however, obtain oscillatory 

 sparks having a voltage of 100,000 or 200,000 volts, and so obtain 

 what Hertz called 'active sparks' five or six centimeters in length. 



Turning then to the question of capacity, we may enquire in the 

 next place how the capacity of an aerial wire can be increased. This 

 has generally been done by putting up two or more aerial wires in 

 contiguity and joining them together, and so making arrangements 

 called in the admitted slang of the subject 'multiple aerials.' The 

 measurement of the capacity of insulated wires can be easily carried 

 out by means of an appliance devised by the author and Mr. W. C. 

 Clinton, consisting of a rotating commutator which alternately charges 

 the insulated wire at a source of known electromotive force and then 



* The fraction 7/22 here denotes a stranded wire formed of seven strands, 

 each single wire having a diameter expressed by the number 22 on the British 

 standard wire gauge. 



