MENTAL AND MORAL QUALITIES. 519 



mediocre grades aud the presence of some little vice or a reasonable 

 array of good qualities are not to place a man in an extreme grade in 

 either direction. In the case of the women the standard proved to be 

 such that it was necessary, in order to make things balance, to place 

 all excellent, quiet and negative characters in a grade as low as (5) and 

 reserve the upper grades for those only who have had a special reputa- 

 tion for devoting their time to some form of altruism. Those who are 

 familiar with history and court memoires may see how far the grading 

 suits their particular approval, and most who read the list carefully 

 will doubtless object to characters here and there; but I am sure that 

 much of this will be found due to some personal bias, and an acquaint- 

 ance with all the characters would result in a scheme not very different 

 from the present. It is to be remembered that they are not arranged 

 by the writer from a vague idea of their worth drawn from reading 

 accounts of their lives, but are graded purely on a basis of the adjec- 

 tives used in describing their traits by the best authorities, several 

 different sources of information having been used for verification. In 

 any case errors would be likely to balance. 



The three lowest grades have been reserved for the distinctly vicious, 

 those described as debauched, depraved, licentious, dissipated, cruel or 

 extremely unprincipled. In the three upper grades we find such de- 

 scriptions as 'Adored by the people as a saint,'* 'Gave herself up 

 entirely to works of piety and charity, 'f 'Heroic virtues and rare abne- 

 gations, 'J 'By his well-known devotion to the best interests of the 

 country he secured the confidence and esteem of all classes, '§ 'Eespect 

 and veneration which the Eussians entertained for his character, ' || 



In the list following, the persons within each grade are given in 

 the alphabetical order of the country or family name, which is fol- 

 lowed by the christian name. When the family name is omitted, it 

 is the same as the preceding. The numbers in brackets which stand 

 before the names are the intellectual grades in each case, and those 

 following, without brackets, refer to the total number of children who 

 reached adult years. 



Thus (10) Anhalt, Catherine II., Empress of Eussia, 1; means 

 that she was by birth of the House of Anhalt, that she stands in grade 

 (1) for virtues, grade (10) for mental qualities and that she left one 

 adult child. The averages at the bottom are indicated in the same 

 way. Illegitimate children are also included in the number. 



In regard to the variability of the two sexes one sees that the con- 



* Christine, dan. of Victor Emanuel I. of Savoy, and first wife of 

 Ferdinand of Sicily. 



t Anne, de Mancini, wife of Amand, Prince of Conty. 

 t Pedro II. of Portugal and Brazil, 1825-1891. 

 § Leopold I. of Belgium. 

 II Feodor I. Eomanhof. 



