4o 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



Common House or Typhoid Fly, Musca 

 domestica. Enlarged five times. Eggs as 

 they are deposited in horse manure. 

 Natural size. 



deaths." "Flies undoubtedly 

 serve as carriers of the infec- 

 tion." 8 



In other words, out of 107,- 

 973 officers and men in the camps, 

 20,738 were sick and 1,578 died 

 from typhoid. From the above 

 figures it is evident that flies are 

 more effective destructive agents 



O 



than Spanish bullets. 



According to Dr. Alice Hamil- 

 ton, 9 the Chicago typhoid epidemic 

 of 1902 was traced largely to the 

 agency of flies. 



and Shakespeare, who were ap- 

 pointed to investigate this ty- 

 phoid outbreak : 



"About one fifth of the 

 soldiers in the National En- 

 campment in the United States 

 in 1898 developed typhoid fever." 

 " The percentage of deaths among 

 typhoid fever cases was 7.61." 

 " The deaths from typhoid fever 

 were 86.24 per cent, of the total 



Pupaeia and Maggots or Larvje of 

 House Fly. Enlarged three times. 



s Walter Reed, V. C. Vaughn, E. O. Shakespeare, "Report on the Origin 

 and Spread of Typhoid Fever in U. S. Military Camps during the Spanish War 

 of 1898," p. 666. 



9 Hamilton, Journal of American Medical Association, 40, 576. 



