THE NATURE OF HUNGER 303 



explained the prompt vanishing of the ache soon after we begin to eat, 

 for repeated swallowing results in continued inhibition. 41 Further- 

 more, Ducceschi's discovery that hydrochloric acid diminishes the tonus 

 of the pyloric portion of the stomach 4 - may have its application here; 

 the acid would be secreted as food is taken and would then cause re- 

 laxation of the very region which is most strongly contracted. 



The Concomitance of Contractions and Hunger in Man. — Although 

 the evidence above outlined had led me to the conviction that hunger 

 results from contractions of the alimentary canal, direct proof was still 

 lacking. In order to learn whether such proof might be secured, one 

 of my students, Mr. A. L. Washburn, determined to become accustomed 

 to the presence of a rubber tube in the oesophagus. 43 Almost every day 

 for several weeks Mr. Washburn introduced as far as the stomach a 

 small tube, to the lower end of which was attached a soft-rubber bal- 

 loon about 8 cm. in diameter. The tube was thus carried about each 

 time for two or three hours. After this preliminary experience the 

 introduction of the tube, and its presence in the gullet and stomach, 

 were not at all disturbing. When a record was to be taken, the balloon, 

 placed just below the cardia, was moderately distended with air, and 

 was connected with a water manometer ending in a cylindrical chamber 

 3.5 cm. wide. A float recorder resting on the water in the chamber 

 permitted registering any contractions of the fundus of the stomach. 

 On the days of observation Mr. Washburn would abstain from breakfast, 

 or eat sparingly ; and without taking any luncheon would appear in the 

 laboratory about two o'clock. The recording apparatus was arranged 

 as above described. In order to avoid the possibility of an artifact, a 

 pneumograph, fastened below the ribs, was made to record the move- 

 ments of the abdominal wall. Between the records of gastric pressure 

 and abdominal movement, time was marked in minutes, and an electro- 

 magnetic signal traced a line which could be altered by pressing a key. 

 All these recording arrangments were out of Mr. Washburn's sight; he 

 sat with one hand at the key, ready whenever the sensation of hunger 

 was experienced to make the current which moved the signal. 



Sometimes the observations were started before any hunger was 

 noted ; at other times the sensation, after running a course, gave way to 

 a feeling of fatigue. Under either of these circumstances there were 

 no contractions of the stomach. When Mr. Washburn stated that he 

 was hungry, however, powerful contractions of the stomach were in- 

 variably being registered. As in the experience of the psychologists, 

 the sensations were characterized by periodic recurrences with free inter- 



41 The absence of hunger in Busch 's patient while food was being eaten 

 (see p. 295) can also be accounted for in this manner. 



42 Ducceschi, Archivio per le Scienze Hediche, 1897, XXI., p. 154. 

 ^Nicolai {loc. cit.) reported that although the introduction of a stomach 



tube at first abolished hunger in his subjects, with repeated use the effects became 

 insignificant. 



