INDUSTRIALISM 361 



racy. The duties of the state have become too complicated, too much 

 continuity of service and scholarship is required of its experts, to per- 

 mit that direct dependency upon the electors that democracy presup- 

 poses. About as well select a university faculty by popular vote, as to 

 get together the administrative body of a great state by choice of the 

 people. Those governments which are most democratic in form have 

 not always been most democratic in fact. In America we have had rule 

 by those who could profit most by ruling. Again, American democracy 

 has been minimized by the courts of law, a new sort of autocracy but 

 little dreamed of by the makers of our government — a form of autoc- 

 racy that would long ago have proved intolerable were it not for the 

 scholarship and patriotism of our higher courts. The popular preach- 

 ers of democracy, such as Eoosevelt and La Follette, contradict their 

 own doctrine of the cure of democracy by more democracy, by many of 

 the policies they advocate. The short ballot, the numerous commis- 

 sions and many other planks of their platform have little to do with 

 government of the people, by the people. What is left is government 

 for the people. There is daily less and less in government that can be 

 left to chance and less that should be left to choice. The public wel- 

 fare has become complex, controlled by the intricate forms of modern 

 organized society. Its proper guidance is a subject of skill and knowl- 

 edge and special training, rather than a matter of votes. 



The last of the major influences of industrialism that I shall con- 

 sider is the effect upon Christianity. A startling phenomenon of the 

 nineteenth century was the panicky alarm shown for a time by the 

 church as science rather suddenly took its place among the older forces 

 of civilization. The churchmen became especially agitated at Darwin- 

 ism and the laying bare of the facts at the basis of the genesis of 

 species. The good Bishop of Oxford, in his now famous attack on Dar- 

 winism at the British Association meeting of 1860, was as little pre- 

 pared for the celerity with which his position would become obsolete 

 among his own clergy as he was unready for the swiftness and com- 

 pleteness of Huxley's reply. For a time there was conflict and contro- 

 versy. Then there followed peace. The clergy soon realized that to be 

 priests of darkness was not to be priests at all. The church discovered 

 that there could be no enemy in science and scholarship. Even to the 

 present time, however, the world has not fully awakened to the fact that 

 science is not only not an enemy, but that it is the most potent ally that 

 Christianity has yet found. During the twenty centuries of its history 

 Christianity has not struggled alone. War, poetry, art, music, have 

 diligently served it. But it has required the slow treading of cen- 

 turies to find that war has no place in such a list. It seems unbeliev- 

 able, sometimes, that the progress of great ideas should be so incredibly 

 slow among our race. The patience of Providence is boundless, for al- 



VOL. LXXXI. — 25. 



