THE HINDU-ARABIC NUMERALS 611 



The Hindu characters were now known, but they came into general 

 use very slowly, for the same reason that the metric system is not 

 adopted immediately nowadays. The Eoman characters, computation 

 on the abacus, and various devices held their own obstinately through 

 force of custom. Moreover, before the era of printing no knowledge 

 could be spread rapidly among the mass of the people, and for the most 

 part the counting of the ordinary man could be done upon his fingers. 



A coin of Eoger of Sicily is dated with the Hindu numerals in 1138. 

 In 1390 an Italian coin is so dated; in France, one of 1485. There 

 is a Scotch piece of 1538, but apparently none for England until 1551. 

 A French manuscript of 1275 contains a treatise upon these numerals. 

 They are used in the inscription upon a grave at Pforzheim in 1371, 

 and upon one at "Dim in 1388. In 1170 they are used to date a book:* 



; 



TjlWo 



In 1471 the pages are so numbered in a work of Petrarch printed at 

 Cologne. 



They were still used in curious and confused combinations. In a 

 work of 1470, 147 and 150 are written respectively* 



CC2 stands for 202. About the same time 12901 means 1291, 

 m.cccc.8II stands for 1482, and MCCCCXL6 for 1446. Somewhat 

 earlier ca is written for 104; somewhat later lvojj for 1502. 



The forms of the numeral signs varied as much as they do now upon 

 the slates of children learning in school. These forms were not well 

 fixed until after the general use of printing. 



One is frequently written i. Other forms are* 



Two is often z, so that iz = 12.* 



Three is usually recognizable.* 



!Not so four, which has varied greatly.* 

 * From Smith and Karpinski, "The Hindu-Arabic Numerals." 



