226 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



in English and at the same time prepared an essay upon the allied 

 elements in the Tagalog and Visayan languages. The former work he 

 intended to dedicate to Professor Kern in the name of the Malay race, 

 the latter he wished to inscribe to the memory of Dr. Eost. It was not 

 granted to him to complete the manuscript of either, for he was inter- 

 rupted in the midst of his work to be dragged about from tribunal to 

 tribunal until his final sentence and death by public execution. 



Fortunately his work upon the transcription of Tagalog remains 

 to us, a translation having appeared in the Bijdragen of the Indian 

 Institute. Unfortunately this work only increased the hatred of his 

 political opponents, for the Spaniards were bitterly opposed to any 

 independent work on the part of the Filipinos, being convinced that 

 everything of the kind was merely a cloak for separatist views, and 

 whoever was suspected of separatism in the Philippines was certain of 

 meeting an unhappy fate. 



Eizal, brought up among Spaniards, was no better instructed than 

 they themselves in modern ethnology and, indeed, it was through Pro- 

 fessor Blumentritt's instrumentality that his attention was first directed 

 to the defects in his education in that direction, whereupon he began 

 with ardor to enlarge his knowledge in comparative ethnology. The 

 works upon general ethnography by Perschel, F. Miiller, Waitz, Gerland 

 and Ratzel, the ethnographical parallels of Andree, Wilkin's works, the 

 culture-historical publications of Lippert and Hellwald became at once 

 the subject of his industrious and thorough study, a study, furthermore, 

 which not only enlarged his knowledge but afforded him the consola- 

 tion of the assurance that his people are not an anthropoid race as the 

 Spaniards asserted, for he found that the faults and virtues of the 

 Tagals are entirely human, and, moreover, he became convinced that 

 the virtues and vices of any people are not mere peculiarities of race 

 but are inherited qualities, qualities which become affected by climate 

 and history. 



At the same time he continued what he called his 'course in practical 

 ethnology,' that is to say, he studied the life of the French and German 

 peasantry because he thought that a peasantry preserves national and 

 race peculiarities longer than the other classes of a people, and also 

 because he believed that he ought to compare only the peasantry of 

 Europe with his own countrymen because the latter are nearly all 

 peasants. With this object in view he withdrew for weeks and months 

 10 some quiet village where he observed closely the daily life of the 

 country people. 



He summed up the results of his scientific and 'practical' studies 

 in the following propositions: 



1. The races of mankind differ in outward appearance and in the 

 structure of the skeleton but not in their psychical qualities. The same 



