RACE DIFFERENCES. 227 



passions and pains affect the white, yellow, brown and black races; the 

 same motives influence their action, only the form in which the emo- 

 tions are expressed and the way the actions are directed are different. 

 Neither is this particular form of conduct and expression constant with 

 any race or people, but varies under the influence of the most diverse 

 factors. 



2. Eaces exist only for the anthropologists. For a student of the 

 customs of a people there are only social strata, and it is the task of 

 the ethnologist to separate and identify these strata. And just as we 

 mark out the lines of stratification in the mountain ranges of a geo- 

 logical sketch so ought we to mark out the social strata of the human 

 race. And just as there are mountains whose summits do not reach to 

 the highest strata of the geological system, so there are many people 

 who do not reach the highest social strata, while the lowest strata 

 are common to all of them. Even in the old established civilization of 

 France and Germany a great proportion of the population forms a class 

 which is upon the same intellectual level with the majority of the 

 Tagals, and is to be distinguished from them only by the color of 

 the skin, clothing and language. But while mountains do not grow 

 higher peoples do gradually grow up into the higher strata of civili- 

 zation and this growth does not depend upon the intellectual capacity 

 alone of a given people, but is also due, to some extent, to good for- 

 tune, and to other factors, some of which can be explained and others 

 not. 



3. Since not only the statesmen who conduct colonial affairs but 

 scientific men as well maintain that there are races of limited in- 

 telligence who could never attain the height of European culture, the 

 real explanation must be as follows: The higher intelligence may be 

 compared to wealth — there are rich and poor peoples just as there are 

 rich and poor individuals. The rich man who believes that he was 

 born rich deceives himself. He came into the world as poor and naked 

 as his slave, but he inherits the wealth which his parents earned. In 

 the same way intelligence is inherited. Eaces which formerly found 

 themselves compelled, by certain special conditions, to exercise their 

 mental powers to an unusual extent, have naturally developed their 

 intelligence to a higher degree than others, and they have bequeathed 

 this intelligence to their descendants who, in turn, have increased it by 

 further use. Europeans are rich in intelligence but the present in- 

 habitants of Europe could not affirm, without presumption, that their 

 ancestors were just as rich in intelligence at the start as they them- 

 selves are now. The Europeans have required centuries of strife and 

 effort, of fortunate conjunctions, of the necessary liberty, of advan- 

 tageous laws, and of individual leading minds, to enable them to be- 

 queath their intellectual wealth to their present representatives. The 



