THE NEW TORYISM. 435 



were made independent of the Crown ; in defeat of the Non-Resisting 

 Test Bill, which proposed for legislators and officials a compulsory 

 oath, that they would in no case resist the king by arms ; and later, 

 they were exemplified in the Bill of Rights, framed to secure subjects 

 against monarchical aggressions. These acts had the same intrinsic 

 nature. The principle of compulsory co-operation throughout social 

 life was weakened by them, and the principle of voluntary co-opera- 

 tion strengthened. That at a subsequent period the policy of the 

 party had the same general tendency is well shown by a remark of 

 Mr. Green concerning the period of Whig power after the death of 

 Anne : 



Before the fifty years of their rule had passed, Englishmen had forgotten 

 that it was possible to persecute for differences of religion, or to put down the 

 liberty of the press, or to tamper with the administration of justice, or to rule 

 without a Parliament (Green, 705). 



And now, passing over the war-period which closed the last cen- 

 tury and began this, during which the extension of individual freedom 

 previously gained was lost, and the retrograde movement toward the 

 social type proper to militancy was shown by all kinds of coercive 

 measures, from those which took by force the persons and property 

 of citizens for war purposes to those which suppressed public meetings 

 and sought to gag the press, let us recall the general characters of 

 those changes effected by Whigs, or Liberals, after the re-establishment 

 of peace permitted revival of the industrialism regime, and return to 

 its appropriate type of structure. Under growing Whig influence 

 there came repeal of the laws which forbade combination among 

 artisans as well as of those which interfered with their freedom of 

 traveling. There was the measure by which, under Whig pressure, 

 Dissenters were allowed to believe as they pleased without suffering 

 certain civil penalties ; and there was the Whig measure, carried by 

 Tories from compulsion, which enabled Catholics to profess their re- 

 ligion without losing part of their civil freedom. The area of liberty 

 was extended by acts which forbade the buying of negroes and the 

 holding them in bondage. The political serfdom of the unrepresented 

 was narrowed in area, both by the Reform Bill and the Municipal 

 Reform Bill ; so that, both generally and locally, the many were less 

 under the coercion of a few. Later came diminution and removal of 

 restraints on the buying of foreign commodities and the employment 

 of foreign vessels ; ^nd later still the removal of those burdens on the 

 press, which were originally imposed to hinder the diffusion of opinion. 

 And of all these changes it is unquestionable that, whether made or 

 not by Liberals themselves, they were made in conformity with the 

 principles professed and urged by Liberals. 



But why do I enumerate facts so well known to all ? Simply be- 

 cause, as intimated at the outset, it seems needful to remind every- 



