79 4 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



orbital plates were depressed sufficiently to produce protruding eyes 

 and baggy under-lids excelled in memory, oratory, philology, and the 

 ability to acquire languages. This observation may be called the 

 foundation of phrenology, for it led Gall to divide the mind into 

 faculties, and to locate the faculty of speech in the anterior lobes of 

 the cerebral hemisphere. This was the basis of his system. But the 

 enthusiasm with which he constructed this system, and the sweeping 

 deductions which he and his follower, Spurzheim, drew from this one 

 prominent fact, failed to interest the scientific mind. Soon after this, 

 without paying any regard to the conclusions of Gall and Spurzheim, 

 the pathologists discovered how frequently the loss of speech co- 

 existed with diseases or injuries of the anterior lobes of the brain, and 

 that sometimes the only symptom of cerebral lesions was a loss of the 

 power of articulate language. These observations led Bouillaud, in 

 1825, to divide the faculty of speech into two phenomena, internal 

 speech the faculty to create and to represent ideas and external 

 speech, or the co-ordinating power necessary to articulate the words 

 created. In medical literature, the loss of the faculty of speech is 

 termed aphasia, and when it affects the internal speech it is designated 

 as amnesic aphasia, and when external speech is affected the term 

 ataxic aphasia expresses it. 



But without going into detail respecting the weighty pros and cons 

 in the discussion of this subject during the last fifty years up to the pres- 

 ent time, it is safe to state that the power of speech is twofold, namely, 

 mental and motor. Now, as a mental fact, the faculty of articulate lan- 

 guage implies perception, intellectual distribution of perception, excita- 

 tion of emotion, will to enunciate. As an illustration : we see a man 

 across the street; we recognize him as John Jones, from Johnsonville ; 

 we experience pleasure, and say, " My dear friend, I am glad to see you." 

 Thus it will be seen that the mind as regards sj)eech can be divided into 

 perception, intellect, emotion, and will. These are the mental attri- 

 butes, and the impairment of any one of them will interfere with the 

 culminating act of speech. The perception may be impaired, then the 

 friend across the street would not start the mental train. Further- 

 more, if perception was perfect and the intellect impaired, we would 

 see the man, perceive the color of his hair and eyes, the style of his 

 clothing, and so forth, but not be conscious that we had met him 

 before, and that he was a friend. Still further, if the emotion was 

 impaired and the two other faculties normal, we would see the man, 

 know he was a friend, but not be stimulated to further action. Again, 

 if the three above faculties were normal and will-power wanting, we 

 would see, recognize, and wish to speak to him, but be powerless to 

 do so. All the best evidence of recent times indicates that these 

 faculties reside in the gray matter which is spread over the surface 

 of the cerebral hemispheres, with their manifold sulci and convolu- 

 tions, and the depth of which is an index of the intellectual power, 



